Term
| study of the heart and treatment of its disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular sys consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscular pump that keeps blood flowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deliver blood to organs and return blood to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
venae caveae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carry blood away from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| circulatory sys is a broader term and consists of (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 main divisions of cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| which circuit deals with right side of heart carrying blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which circuit deals with left side of heart supplying blood to all organs of the body, parts of the lungs, and the wall of heart itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway of pulmonary circuit |
|
Definition
1 r. atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body cells
2 r. av valve
3 r. ventricle
4 pulmonary valve
5 pulmonary trunk
6 divides into r./l. pulmonary a.
7 lung (gas exchange)
8 oxygenated blood leaves lung by way of r./l. pulmonary v.
9 l. atrium |
|
|
Term
| pathway of systemic circuit |
|
Definition
1 l. atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs
2 l. av valve
3 l. ventricle
4 aortic valve
5 aorta
6 branches into arteries, arterioles, capillaries (gas/nutrient & waste exchange), venules, veins, SVC, IVC
7 deoxygenated blood into r. atrium |
|
|
Term
arteries are ___
violets are ___
except in the ___
where the ___ is true |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gas exchange and nutrient/waste exchange occurs where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major arteries/veins entering and leaving the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aorta and pulmonary trunk --> r./l. pulmonary arteries are great ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SVC/IVC and coronary sinus and r./l. pulmonary veins are great ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in thoracic cavity
in mediastinum
medial to lungs
deep to sternum
anterior to body of thoracic vert.
superior to diaphragm
tilted to the left |
|
|
Term
| broad, superior portion with the point of attachment of great vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inferior end that tapers to blunt point, tilts to left immediately superior to diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart is enclosed in double-walled sac of 2-layered membrane called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outer wall of pericardium is |
|
Definition
| parietal pericardium or pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
| 2 layers of pericardial sac |
|
Definition
fibrous layer - dense irregular CT
serous layer - thin areolar CT |
|
|
Term
| serous layer of parietal pericardium folds back on itself to form the |
|
Definition
| visceral pericardium or epicardium |
|
|
Term
| space between the visceral and parietal pericardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lubricates the pericardial cavity which lubricates membranes and allows the heart to beat with minimal friction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is continuous with endothelium of BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
r./l. atrium
r./l. ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what chambers receive blood returning to heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small ear like extension that increase capacity of both atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receives deoxygenated blood from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receives oxygenated blood from the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle that separates r. and l. atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| remnant of ductus arteriosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allow fetal blood to bypass lungs (2) |
|
Definition
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| chambers that pump blood into arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chamber with thickest wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the l. ventricle have a thick wall |
|
Definition
| to contract with the greatest amount of force to create the greatest amount of BP to pump blood all over body |
|
|
Term
| r. ventricle pumps ___ blood to lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| l. ventricle pumps ___ blood to body systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway r. ventricle to l. atrium |
|
Definition
r. venticle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary trunk
r./l. pulmonary arteries
lungs (gas exchange)
r./l. pulmonary veins
l. atrium |
|
|
Term
| pathway l. ventricle to r. atrium |
|
Definition
l. ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries (exchange)
venules
veins
SVC/IVC
r. atrium |
|
|
Term
| pathway of blood from RA to RA |
|
Definition
deoxygenated blood drains fom SVC/IVC/coronary sinus to r. atrium through tricuspid AV valve to r. ventricle through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk which divides into r./l. pulmonary arteries to lungs for gas exchange
oxygenated blood moves from lungs via r./l. pulmonary veins to l. atrium through bicuspid AV valve to l. ventricle through aortic valve to aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillary beds gas exchange occurs
deoxygenated blood moves into venules-veins-IVC and SVC to r. atrium |
|
|
Term
| internal ridges of muscle in ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| r. and l. ventricle separated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 atrioventricular valves
r. AV = tricuspid
l. AV = bicuspid/mitral
2 semilunar valves
pulmonary
aortic |
|
|
Term
| incomplete closure of a valve is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart valves ensure ___ flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connect AV valve cusps to conical papillary muscles on floor of ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevent prolapsing of AV valves into atria during ventricular systole (contraction) and prevent blood from reentering the atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscular extensions of the inner ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contract and regulate tension on tendinous chords to keep AV valves closed in a horizontal position during ventricular systole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| valve separates r. ventricle from pulmonary trunk |
|
Definition
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
|
Term
| prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the r. ventricle during ventricular diastole (relaxation) |
|
Definition
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
|
Term
| valve separates l. ventricle from aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the l. ventricle during ventricular diastole (relaxation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ventricles are relaxed ___ are open and ___ are closed to prevent backflow into ventricles |
|
Definition
AV valves
semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| when ventricles are contracting ___ are closed to prevent backflow into the atria and ___ are open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, ___ valves open and blood flows through to ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the blood in ventricles pushes ___ valves closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the great arteries, the ___ valves are forced open and blood is ejected into the arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ventricular pressure is lower than BP in the arteries, arterial blood closes ___ valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true/false the myocardium has its own supply of arteries and capillaries that deliver blood to every cardiocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st arteries off ascending aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| l. coronary artery (LCA) branches (3) |
|
Definition
1 anterior interventricular branch of LCA
2 circumflex branch of LCA
3 circumflex branch of LCA branches to l. marginal branch of LCA |
|
|
Term
| r. coronary artery (RCA) branches (2) |
|
Definition
1 r. marginal branch of RCA
2 posterior interventricular branch of RCA |
|
|
Term
| when 2 arteries come together and combine their blood flow to points farther downstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 arterial anastomoses of heart |
|
Definition
1 anterior interventricular branch of LCA and posterior interventricular branch of RCA
2 r. coronary a. and circumflex a. |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons for peak flow of blood into coronary arteries occurs when ventricles (heart) relax |
|
Definition
1 contraction of myocardium compresses the coronary a. and obstructs blood flow
2 ventricular systole, aortic valve opened, cusps over openings of coronary a.
3 ventricular diastole, blood flows back to heart, aortic valves close, blood flows into coronary a. |
|
|
Term
| pathway of coronary circulation |
|
Definition
1 r./l. coronary a. branch off ascending aorta and carry oxygenated blood to heart
2 r. coronary a. branches into r. marginal branch of RCA and posterior interventricular branch of RCA
3 l. coronary a. branches into anterior interventricular branch of LCA and circumflex branch of LCA
4 capillaries and gas/nutrient and waste exchange
5 capillaries merge into VENULES which merge into CARDIAC VEINS which merge into CORONARY SINUS which carries deoxygenated blood into R. ATRIUM |
|
|
Term
| means impulse for heartbeat originates in heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| even a solitary, isolated cardiac muscle cells pulsate rhythmically and is said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart is mostly muscle made up of ___ which are striated, short, thick branched muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have one nucleus surrounded by glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have large mitochondria and T tubules admit Ca from extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| joined by intercalated discs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 features form intercalated disc |
|
Definition
1 interdigitating folds
2 mechanical junctions
3 electrical junctions |
|
|
Term
| composed of plasma membrane at end of cardiocyte that is folded like bottom of egg carton (1 of the 3 features of intercalated discs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase surface area of intracellular contact (1 of the 3 features of intercalated discs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of mechanical junctions |
|
Definition
fascia adherens
desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| what are actin myofilaments that anchor the cardiocyte together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what keeps cardiocyte from pulling apart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enables cardiac tissue to resist mechanical stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates a strong structural network that binds cells together throughout cardiac tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical junctions contain ___ junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms channels allowing ios to flow from cytoplasm of one cardiocyte directly into the next cardiocyte |
|
Definition
| electrical junctions that contain gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| do the atria and ventricles act as single cells and contract together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of -cytes are rich in myoglobin and glycogen and have large mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of respiration do cardiocytes carry out? (aerobic or anaerobic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cardiac conduction system is composed of what 2 things |
|
Definition
internal pacemaker
nerve-like pathways through the
mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals |
|
Definition
| cardiac conduction system |
|
|
Term
| cardiac conduction system pathway (5) |
|
Definition
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Right and Left bundle branches
purkinjie fibers |
|
|
Term
| ___ is known as the SA node or pacemaker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what node in the cardiac conduction system is in the right atrium near opening of SVC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what node in the cardiac conduction system initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the SA node stimulate both atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stimulated after the atria contract? (node within cardiac conduction system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what node in the cardiac conduction system is located at the end of the interatrial septum near right AV valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only route to the ventrilces in the cardiac conduction system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what node in the cardiac conduction system send impulse to AV bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sends electrical impulse to R/L bundle branches in the cardiac conduction system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates the Purkinje fibers in the cardiac conduction system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are "nerve-like" fibers that radiate throughtout the ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates the cardiocytes of ventricles to contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atrial and ventricular cells are connect by ___ so both atria and ventricles contract simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway of cardiac conduction (5) |
|
Definition
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Right and Left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| does the heart have its own pacemaker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the heart receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that modify heart rate and contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with the sympathetic pathway of the heart, where do the cardiac nerves terminate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation of the heart does what to HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation of the heart does what to contraction strength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation of the heart does what to coronary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with the parasympathetic pathway of the heart, where does it begin and terminate |
|
Definition
| begins with vagus nerves in medulla oblongata and terminates at the SA & AV nodes |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic stimulation does what to HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal heartbeat triggered by SA node is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any region of spontaneous firing other than SA is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when will ectopic focus take over |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common ectopic focus is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AV node produces slower heartbeat (40-50bpm) is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats needed if neither the SA nor AV node is functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any abnormal cardiac rhythm is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats one cause of arrhytmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of a heart block (arrythmia) |
|
Definition
bundle branch block
total heart block |
|
|
Term
| failure of any part of conduction system to transmit signals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage to one or both bundle branches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___, damaged AV node fails to send signals to ventricles (3 words) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in impulse conduction of myocardium, ___ excites atrial cardiocytes which stimulates 2 atria to contract almost simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in impulse conduction of myocardium, SA node signal travels to ___ and signal slows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there a delay in the impulse conduction to myocardium |
|
Definition
| allows time for ventricles to fill |
|
|
Term
| in impulse conduction of myocardium, signals travel through ___ which branches to R/L bundle branches to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in impulse conduction of myocardium, purkinje fibers stimulate ___ to contract an instant before stimulating ventricular contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in impulse conduction of myocardium, papillary muscles take up slack on the ___ to keep AV valves closed in a horizontal position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a graph of the hearts electrical activity as expressed in millivolts (mV) over time |
|
Definition
| electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) |
|
|
Term
| what is an instrument that amplifies the signals and produces a record on a moving paper chart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the moving paper chart used in an electrocardiograph known as |
|
Definition
| electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) |
|
|
Term
| what 3 principal defections does an EKG show |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is produced when a signal from SA node spreads through the atria and the atria is depolarized (EKG terms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atrial systole begins after the ___ begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is produced when the signal from the AV node spreads through the ventricular myocardium and ventricles depolarize (EKG terms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricular systole begins shortly after the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is generated by ventricular repolarization before ventricular diastole (EKG terms) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why dont we see a wave for atrial repolarization |
|
Definition
| because it is hidden by QRS wave |
|
|
Term
| whats the diagnostic value of EKG |
|
Definition
| for diagnosing abnormalities in conduction pathways, MI, heart enlargement and electrolyte and hormone imbalances |
|
|
Term
| what consist of one complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood flow is governed by 2 main variables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what impels a fluid to move in regards to blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what opposes flow in regards to blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is blood pressure expressed - in mm of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluids flow ___ the pressure gradient from ___ pressure to ___ pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure is ___ proportional to the volume of the container |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is analogous to heart chamber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the opening and closing of heart valves are governed by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when left ventricle contracts, internal pressure rises, ___ valve opens. blood is ejected from left ventricle into aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when left ventricle is expanding, internal pressure falls, left ___ valve opens and blood flows from left atrium into left ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart sounds are audible with a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| listening to sounds made by the body or heart is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st heart sound (s1) = lubb = occurs with closure of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd heart sound (s2) = dupp = occurs with closure of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd heart sound (s3) = can you hear it in children and adolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regurgitation of blood through an incompetent valve is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what creates a turbulence that can be heard with a stethoscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pause in the heart sounds indicate |
|
Definition
| the period when the heart is relaxing during atrial diastole and ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| 4 phases of cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation |
|
|
Term
| how fast is the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs during atrial and ventricular diastole, ventricles expand, BP drops, AV valves open and blow flows in ventricles; P wave occurs, atria depolarizes, atria contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end of ventricular filling, ventricles contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs as atria repolarize, ventricles depolarize, generate QRS complex, ventricles contract, ventricular blood surges on AV valves and AV valves close producing 1st heart sound s1 |
|
Definition
| isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
| in isovolumetric contraction, is there a change in blood volume in ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in isovolumetric contraction, what valves are closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when ventricular pressure exceds arterial pressure, semilunar valves open, blood spurts out rapidly at first, T wave occurs late in the phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ventricles do/do not expel all their blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of blood remaining in ventricles after ventricular ejection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the measure of cardiac health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when T wave ends, early ventricular relaxation, ventricles expand, blood in aorta and pul trunk flows backward, semilunar valves close, produce 2nd heart sound S2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ___ valves open, ventricular filling begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true/false equal output by both ventricles is essential to homeostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if r. ventricle pumps larger vol of blood to lungs, blood accumulates in the lungs causing 3 things |
|
Definition
pulmonary hypertension
edema
drowning in one's one body fluids |
|
|
Term
| if l. ventricle pumps more than the r. ventricle can take, then blood accumulates in the systemic sys causing |
|
Definition
systemic edema (dropsy)
ascites |
|
|
Term
| pooling of fluid in the abdominal cavity is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid accumulation in either circuit due to insufficiency of ventricular pumping is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac output is ___ constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between max CO and resting CO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measured by taking one's pulse and counting heart sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive chronotropic agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative chronotropic agents |
|
|
Term
| ANS does/does not initiate heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANS can/cannot modify hearts rhythm and force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac centers have 2 types of neurons |
|
Definition
cardio-stimulatory
cardio-inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| cardio-stimulatory effect and transmits signals by ___ pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardio-inhibitory effect and transmits signals by ___ nerve by ___ pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardio-stimulatory effect releases ___ and accelerates SA nodes which increases HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardio-inhibitory effect releases ___ and inhibits SA and AV nodes and decreases HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory and emotional stimuli can/cannot act on cardiac centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of receptor that informs cardiac center about changes in physical activity and HR increases output before metabolic demands of mus rises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure sensors located in aorta and carotid arteries that continually send signals to cardiac center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monitor chemicals and sensitive to blood pH, CO2, O2; located in aortic and carotid bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ has ____ chronotropic effects on heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 things that have chronotropic effects and increase HR |
|
Definition
norepinephrine/epinephrine
nicotine
caffeine |
|
|
Term
| in ___ K+ moves into cardiocyte and inhibits repolarization; HR slow and irregular and may lead to heart block/cardiac arrest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___, K+ moves out of cardiocyte and hyperpolarizes the membrane making it harder to depolarize and stimulat; heart beats feebly and arrythmically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exercise increase/decrease cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can a sustained exercise program cause |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy of ventricles |
|
|
Term
| hypertrophy of ventricles ___ stroke volume which allows heart to beat slowly and heart doesnt have to work as hard |
|
Definition
|
|
