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Bio 211 blood OCTC
blood, test #3, fall 2012, OCTC
307
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/09/2012

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Term
what is blood
Definition
river of life
blood carries the "vital force"
life sustaining fluid
Term
circulatory sys includes
Definition
heart
BV
blood
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
heart
BV
Term
hematology
Definition
the study of blood
Term
functions of the circulatory system
Definition
transport
protection
regulation
Term
blood functions in transport - explain
Definition
transports O2, CO2 and nutrients to body cells, metabolic wastes to kidneys, hormones to target cells, stem cells from bone marrow and other origins to tissues where they lodge and mature
Term
blood functions in protection from infection and blood loss - explain
Definition
inflammation
WBC
antibodies and complement proteins
platelets
Term
what is inflammation
Definition
mechanism for limiting spread of infection
Term
how do WBC protect from infection
Definition
destroy pathogens and cancer cells
Term
how do antibodies and complement proteins protect
Definition
neutralize toxins and pathogens
Term
how do platelets protect
Definition
initiate clotting and minimize blood loss
Term
blood functions in regulation
Definition
by absorbing or giving off fluid
stabilize fluid distribution
buffers acids and bases in blood thus stabilizing pH
shift in flow regulate body temp
Term
is blood a CT
Definition
yes
Term
what is the matrix of blood? (not fluid)
Definition
plasma
Term
what are formed elements?
Definition
cells and cell fragments
Term
what are 3 formed elements
Definition
RBC
WBC
platelet
Term
what are erythrocytes
Definition
RBC
Term
what are platelets
Definition
cell fragments
Term
what are leukocytes
Definition
WBC
Term
what are 2 categories of leukocytes
Definition
granulocyres
agranulocytes
Term
what are 3 granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Term
what are 2 agranulocytes
Definition
lymphocytes
monocytes
Term
what is it called when one separates formed elements from plasma
Definition
centrifuging blood
Term
straw color top part of centrifuged blood
Definition
plasma
Term
what is the buffy coat of centrifuged made of
Definition
WBC
platelets
Term
what are packed at the bottom and red of centrifuged blood
Definition
RBC
Term
what are the densest formed elements
Definition
erythocytes
Term
45% of total volume of blood
Definition
hematocrit
Term
what is a mixture of dissolved nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, enzymes and proteins
Definition
plasma
Term
what is a mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases
Definition
blood plasma
Term
what is plasma minus fibrinogen
Definition
blood serum
Term
what are the most abundant plasma solute
Definition
plasma proteins
Term
3 major categories of plasma proteins
Definition
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
Term
most abundant protein in the plasma
Definition
albumin
Term
what protein serves to transport solutes and buffer pH
Definition
albumin
Term
what are albumins a major contribution to
Definition
viscosity - thickness
osmolarity - how many solids are in the blood
Term
what do changes in albumin concentration cause
Definition
significantly affect blood volume, blood pressure and blood flow
Term
functions of albumin
Definition
osmotic pressure blood viscosity
transport lipids, hormones, Ca and buffers pH
Term
what are 3 subclasses of globulins
Definition
alpha globulins
beta globulins
gamma globulins
Term
2 examples of alpha globulins
Definition
ceruloplasmin
prothrombin
Term
function of ceruloplasmin
Definition
transport copper
Term
function of prothrombin
Definition
promotes blood clotting
Term
functions of other alpha globulins
Definition
transport lipids, fat souble vitamins and hormones
Term
2 examples of beta globulins
Definition
transferrin
complement proteins
Term
function of transferrin
Definition
transport iron
Term
function of complement proteins
Definition
aid in destruction of non-specific toxins and pathogens
Term
2 other names for gamma globulins
Definition
immunoglobulins
antibodies
Term
what are gamma globulins
Definition
specific proteins made by plasma cells that combat specific pathogens
Term
what does fibrinogen become
Definition
fibrin - a major component of blood clots
Term
what produces all the major plasma proteins except gamma globulins
Definition
liver
Term
where are gamma globulins descended from
Definition
WBC's called B lymphocytes
Term
2 nitrogen-containing compounds are in plasma
Definition
amino acids
nitrogoneous wastes
Term
toxic products of catabolism
Definition
nitrogenous wastes
Term
most abundant nitrogenous waste
Definition
urea
Term
product of AAs catabolism
Definition
urea
Term
measurement of urea
Definition
BUN
Term
what nutrients does blood plasma transport
Definition
AA, glucose, FA, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterols, phospholipids, vitamins and minerals
Term
what electrolytes does blood plasma transport
Definition
Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3, HPO4, SO4
Term
what gases does blood plasma transport
Definition
O2, CO2, N
Term
the resistance of blood to flow resulting from cohesion of its particles
Definition
blood viscosity
Term
thickness or stickiness of blood
Definition
blood viscosity
Term
what decreases viscosity and causes blood to flow too easily
Definition
RBC/protein deficiency
Term
what increases viscosity and cause blood to flow too slow
Definition
excesses of RBCs or proteins
Term
the total dissolved particles that cannot pass throught the BV wall
Definition
blood osmolarity
Term
3 main contributors to blood osmolarity
Definition
sodium ions
proteins (albumins)
RBCs
Term
the transfer of fluids depends on a balance between the ____ of fluid from the capillary and its movement back into the capillary by ____
Definition
filtration, reabsorption (osmosis)
Term
high blood osmolarity cause the blood to reabsorb ____ water and ____ BP thus straining heart and BV
Definition
too much, increase
Term
low blood osmolarity cause the tissues to retain ____ fluid and become ____ and ____ BP thus straining heart and BV
Definition
too much, edematous, decrease
Term
production of blood and its formed elements
Definition
hemopoiesis
Term
tissues that produce blood cells
Definition
hemopoietic tissues
Term
during embryonic development stem cells colonize 4 things
Definition
bone marrow
liver
spleen
thymus
Term
bone marrow, liver, spleen and thymus stem cells, during embryonic development, produce
Definition
blood cells
Term
after birth, what 3 things continue to produce lymphocytes for life
Definition
spleen
thymus
bone marrow
Term
infancy onward, ___ produces all 7 kinds of formed elements
Definition
red bone marrow
Term
infancy onward, the thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and spleen produce
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
blood formation in bone marrow
Definition
myeloid hemopoiesis
Term
blood formation in lymphatic organs
Definition
lymphoid hemopoiesis
Term
most abundant formed element
Definition
RBC
Term
transports O2 and CO2
Definition
RBC
Term
have a discoidal cell with biconcave shape
Definition
RBC
Term
lack a nucleus and have a 120 day life expectancy
Definition
RBC
Term
since RBC lacks a mitochondria, what does it rely on to produce ATP
Definition
anaerobic fermentation
Term
cytoplasm of RBCs consist of
Definition
hemoglobin
CAH - carbonic anhydrase
Term
what enzyme catalyzes CO2+H2O<-->H2CO3
Definition
CAH - carbonic anhydrase
Term
plasma membrane of RBCs contain
Definition
glycolipids
Term
what determines a persons blood type
Definition
glycolipids
Term
are glycolipids antigens
Definition
yes
Term
hemoglobin consists of
Definition
globins
heme group
Term
O2 bound to hemoglobin
Definition
oxyhgb
Term
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
Definition
carbaminohgb
Term
no O2 on hemoglobin
Definition
deoxyhgb
Term
CO bound to hemoglobin
Definition
carboxyhgb
Term
3 measurements of RBCs and hemoglobin
Definition
hematocrit
hemoglobin concentration
RBC count
Term
whose RBC/hemoglobin values are lower, men or women
Definition
women
Term
why are hemoglobin/RBC values lower in women than in men
Definition
androgens stim RBC production
women have periodic menstual losses
hematocrit is inversely proportional to percentage body fat
blood clots faster in men
men have fewer BV near skin
Term
erythrocyte production called
Definition
erythropoiesis
Term
8 steps in erythropoiesis
Definition
1 hemopoietic stem cell becomes
2 erthryocyte colony-forming unit EFCU
3 ecfu have receptors for
4 erythropoietin (EPO) secreted from liver and kidney cells
5 EPO stimulates ECFU to become erythroblast that produce hgb
6 erythroblast lose nucleus and become reticulocytes
7 formation of reticulocytes (immature RBCs) are released from bone marrow into BV
8 day or twon, reticulocytes become mature erythrocyte
Term
hormone secreted from liver and kidney in response to low levels of O2
Definition
erythropoietin EPO
Term
stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC
Definition
erythropoietin EPO
Term
a drop in RBC count
Definition
hypoxemia
Term
correction of hypoxemia
Definition
kidneys and liver increase production and secretion of EPO which stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to increase RBC production
Term
causes of hypoxemia
Definition
low levels of atmospheric O2
increase in exercise
hemorrhaging
Term
nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis
Definition
B12 and folic acid - for rapid cell division and DNA synthesis
Vit C and copper - cofactors for enzymes
Iron - hemoglobin
Term
why cant RBC reproduce
Definition
no nucleus
Term
____ in liver and spleen phagocytize worn out RBC
Definition
macrophages
Term
"erythrocyte graveyard"
Definition
spleen
Term
old RBCs become trapped and break apart within the spleen is called
Definition
hemolysis
Term
whats released when RBC breaks
Definition
hgb
Term
what can block kidney tubules and cause renal failure
Definition
hgb
Term
phagocytize and separates heme from globin
Definition
macrophages
Term
picks up iron that has been release from heme into blood
Definition
transferrin
Term
convert the leftover heme into biliverdin
Definition
macrophages
Term
biliverdin converts to
Definition
bilirubin
Term
bilirubin released from macrophage to ___ in the blood
Definition
albumins
Term
liver removes ___ from albumin and secretes it into the ___
Definition
bilirubin, bile
Term
bile pigments
Definition
biliverdin and bilirubin
Term
cause of jaundice
Definition
high levels of bilirubin
Term
jaundice is sign of
Definition
rapid hemolysis
liver disease
bile duct obstruction
Term
2 erythrocyte disorders
Definition
polycythemia
anemia
Term
gut bacteria converts bilirubin to ___
Definition
urobilinogen
Term
excess in RBCs know as
Definition
polycythemia
Term
deficiency of either RBCs or hgb
Definition
anemia
Term
3 dangers of polycythemia
Definition
increased BV
increased BP
increased blood viscosity
Term
results from dietary deficiency of any requirements for erythropoiesis
Definition
nutritional anemia
Term
lack of iron in diet (tyoe of anemia)
Definition
iron deficiency anemia
Term
deficiency of vitamin B12 (type of anemia)
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
failure of stomach to produce intrinsic factor (type of anemia)
Definition
pernicious anemia
Term
blood types based on large molecules called
Definition
antigens and antibodies
Term
antigens can be 3 diff things
Definition
proteins
glycoproteins
glycolipids
Term
allows the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign cells with foreign antigens
Definition
antigens
Term
plasma cells secrete ___ when immune response is activated bc the body detects a foreign antigen
Definition
antibodies
Term
bind to foreign antigens and mark the cell for destruction
Definition
antibodies
Term
each antibody binds to 2 or more foreign antigens and sticks them together in an antigen-antibody complex
Definition
agglutination
Term
all cells have ___ on the surface of their cell membrane
Definition
antigens
Term
id's your RBCs as unique to you
Definition
antigens
Term
antigens on RBCs
Definition
agglutinogens
Term
antibodies in the plasma for foreign RBCs
Definition
agglutins
Term
determined by hereditary with the presence/absence of antigen A and antigen B
Definition
blood types A, B, AB, O
Term
antigen A on RBC
Definition
type A
Term
anti-B antibody in plasma
Definition
type A
Term
antigen B on RBC
Definition
type B
Term
anti-A antibody in plasma
Definition
type B
Term
antigen A and B on RBC
Definition
type AB
Term
neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
Definition
type AB
Term
neither antigen A or B on RBC
Definition
type O
Term
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Definition
type O
Term
anti-A antibody is against antigen
Definition
A
Term
anti-B antibody is against antigen
Definition
B
Term
its the recipient's ___ that agglutinate the donor's ___
Definition
antibodies, antigens
Term
the clumping of donated RBCs by recipients's antibodies
Definition
agglutination
Term
true/false. you have antibodies in your plasma that react against your antigens
Definition
false
Term
in transfusion reaction, agglutinated RBCs can....
Definition
block small BV
hemolyze and release hgb into the bloodstream
Term
free hemoglobin can block ...
Definition
renal tubules leading to renal failure
Term
universal donor
Definition
type O
Term
universal recipient
Definition
type AB
Term
Rh blood group named for
Definition
rhesus monkey
Term
Rh+ has what antigen present on RBCs plasma membrane
Definition
D
Term
Rh- does not have what antigen present on RBCs plasma membrane
Definition
D
Term
are anti-D antibodies normally present in the blood plasma
Definition
no
Term
2 ways anti-D form
Definition
Rh- person has received Rh+ transfusion

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ fetus
Term
minus antigen D
Definition
Rh-
Term
baby born with very few RBCs causes
Definition
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of newborn
Term
had antigen D on RBC
Definition
Rh+
Term
never has anti-D antibodies in plasma
Definition
Rh+
Term
does not have antigen D on RBC
Definition
Rh-
Term
is minus the D antigen
Definition
Rh-
Term
does not have anti-D antibodies in plasma
Definition
Rh-
Term
how can Rh- blood be exposed to Rh+ blood
Definition
transfusion
carry Rh+ fetus
Term
WBCs aka
Definition
leukocytes
Term
abundant in the body tissue
Definition
WBC
Term
all WBC squeeze out of BV and into CT to search and destroy anything foreign
Definition
diapedesis or emigration
Term
function of leukocytes
Definition
defend body against foreign material
bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, tumors, tissue/organ transplants
Term
WBCs must synthesize ___ to carry out their functions
Definition
proteins
Term
5 types of leukocytes
Definition
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
Term
neutrophils aka
Definition
PMNs = polymorphonuclear
Term
found at site of bacterial infection
Definition
neutrophil
Term
carry out phagocytosis of bacteria aka "bacteria slayer"
Definition
neutrophil
Term
1st at the site of infection
Definition
neutrophil
Term
most numerous WBC
Definition
neutrophil
Term
granules contain lysosomes
Definition
neutrophil
Term
secrete antimicrobial chemicals
Definition
neutrophil
Term
line mucous membranes or respiratory, GI and urinary tract
Definition
eosinophil
Term
increases during an allergic reaction and in a parasitic
Definition
eosinophil
Term
release enzymes to destroy parasites such as worms
Definition
eosinophil
Term
phagocytizes inflammatory chemicals and antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
Definition
eosinophil
Term
rarest WBCs
Definition
basophil
Term
secrete histamine/heparin
Definition
basophil
Term
vasodilator and makes BV leaky
Definition
histamine
Term
anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and increases mobility of other WBCs in the area
Definition
heparin
Term
B-cells or T-cells
Definition
lymphocyte
Term
second to neutrophil in abundance
Definition
lymphocyte
Term
function of lymphocyte
Definition
destroy cancer cells, virus infected cells, foreign cells, present antigens, coordinate actions of other immune cells, secrete antibodies, serve in immune memory
Term
differentiate in bone marrow
Definition
B-cell
Term
differentiate in thymus
Definition
T-cell
Term
convert into plasma cells and secrete antibodies against pathogens
Definition
B-cell
Term
set up the pathogen for destruction
Definition
antibodies
Term
stimulate or inhibit other lymphocytes
Definition
helper T-cell
suppressor T-cell
Term
kill virus infected cells, tumor cell, foreign cells, transplanted cells
Definition
cytotoxic T-cell
Term
largest WBC
Definition
monocyte
Term
monster cell
Definition
monocyte
Term
levels increase during inflammation and viral infections
Definition
monocyte
Term
once monocyte leaves BV, they are called
Definition
macrophages
Term
highly phagocytic cell
Definition
macrophages
Term
destroy dead or dying host and foreign cells, pathogenic chemicals and pathogenic microbes by phagocytosis
Definition
macrophages
Term
"present" antigens to activate other cell of the immune system aka antigen presenting cells APC
Definition
macrophages
Term
production of WBC
Definition
leukopoiesis
Term
bacterial infection triggers production of
Definition
neutrophil
Term
allergy triggers production of
Definition
eosinophil
Term
both B- and T-lymphocytes colonize in
Definition
spleen lymph nodes lymphoid organs and tissues
Term
true/false circulating WBCs stay in bloodstream
Definition
false
Term
leukocyte disorders 3
Definition
leukemia
myeloid leukemia
lymphoid leukemia
Term
cancer of hemopoietic tissue that produces high numbers of circulating leukocytes
Definition
leukemia
Term
uncontrolled granulocyte production
Definition
myeloid leukemia
Term
uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
Definition
lymphoid leukemia
Term
what is the control of bleeding
Definition
hemostasis
Term
cessation of bleeding
Definition
hemostasis
Term
mechanism for stopping leaks which could be potentially fatal
Definition
hemostasis
Term
platelets originate from...
Definition
megakaryocyte
Term
cell fragments that lack nucleus
Definition
platelet
Term
7 functions of platelets
Definition
1 secrete vasoconstrictors that stimulate spasmodic constriction of broken BV to reduce blood loss
2 stick together to form temp platelet plugs to seal small breaks in BV
3 secrete procoagulants or clotting factors
4 initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
5 secrete chem to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
6 internalize and destroy bacteria
7 secrete growth factors to stimulate fibroblast and SM to repair BV
Term
what is platelet production
Definition
thrombopoiesis
Term
___ stem cells produce receptors for hormone ___ and ___ are produced
Definition
hemopoietic
thrombopoietin
megakaryocytes
Term
? break up into platelets
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
what are stored in the spleen and released when needed
Definition
platelets
Term
3 hemostatic mechanisms
Definition
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood coagulation
Term
prompt constriction of a broken vessel
Definition
vascular spasm
Term
during vascular spasm platelets release
Definition
serotonin
Term
a chemical vasoconstrictor
Definition
serotonin
Term
serotonin triggers
Definition
vascular spasm
Term
significantly reduces blood loss and provides time for other 2 hemostatic mechanisms to work
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
a mass of platelets
Definition
platelet plug
Term
may reduce or stop minor bleeding
Definition
platelet plug
Term
during platelet plug formation platelets release
Definition
thrmoboxane A2
Term
an eicosanoid that promotes platelet plug formation and vasoconstriction
Definition
thromboxane A2
Term
what inhibits thromboxane A2
Definition
aspirin
Term
coagulation
Definition
clotting
Term
most effective defense against bleeding
Definition
clotting
Term
true/false it is important for blood not to clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Definition
true
Term
in coagulation, the objective is to convert ___ into ___
Definition
fibrinogen
insoluble fibrin
Term
a sticky protein that adheres to BV wall
Definition
insoluble fibrin
Term
blood cells and platelets stick to ___ resulting in a mass that seals the BV
Definition
fibrin
Term
clotting factors are
Definition
procoagulants produced by liver
Term
when one clotting factor is activated, it functions as an ___ that activates the next clotting factor
Definition
enzyme
Term
clotting factors activate one factor and that factor will activate the next to form a
Definition
reaction cascade
Term
the last four procoagulants
Definition
platelet factors
Term
nutrients needed for coagulation
Definition
calcium
vitamin k
clotting factors
Term
necessary substances for blood to clot
Definition
clotting factors
Term
cofactor for clotting factors
Definition
calcium
Term
needed for the production of clotting factors in the liver
Definition
vitamin k
Term
after the blood clot has formed, platelets adhere to fibrin and contract; platelets pull fibrin like drawstring on purse in a process called
Definition
clot retraction
Term
platelets and endothelial cells secrete
Definition
platelet-derived growth factor PDGF
Term
platelet-derived growth factor PDGF stimulates
Definition
fibroblast and smooth mus cells to multiply and repair BV
Term
once BV repaired, the clot must be
Definition
dissolved
Term
dissolution of a clot
Definition
fibrinolysis
Term
tissue plasminogen activator TPA
Definition
converts plasminogen to plasmin
TPA = kallikrein
Term
a fribin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot
Definition
plasmin
Term
is plasmin a anticoagulant
Definition
yes
Term
true/false in platelet replulsion, platelets do not adhere to the smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of healthy BV
Definition
true
Term
in dilution, small amts of ___ formed spontaneously in plasma
Definition
thrombin
Term
decrease in blood flow causes...
Definition
thrombin to accumulate and clotting can occur
can occur in cirvulatory shock
Term
inhibited by anticoagulants in the plasma
Definition
thrombin
Term
secreted by liver that deactivates thrombin
Definition
antithrombin
Term
anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells
Definition
heparin
Term
blocks action of thrombin
Definition
heparin
Term
given by injection to patients with abnormal clotting tendencies
Definition
heparin
Term
examples of anticoagulants
Definition
plasmin
antithrombin
heparin
Term
examples of vitamin K antagonist
Definition
coumarin
coumadin
Term
extract of sweet clover, tonka beans
Definition
coumarin
Term
warfain; rat poison
Definition
coumadin
Term
suppresses formation of eicosanoid thromboxane, factor in platelet aggregation
Definition
aspirin
Term
secrete hirudin that inhibits thrombin
Definition
medicinal leeches
Term
organ that synthesizes most of the clotting factors
Definition
liver
Term
liver requires what vitamin for synthesis of clotting factors
Definition
k
Term
manufactors and secretes bile which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin k
Definition
liver
Term
can obstruct secretion of bile and result in vitamin k not being absorbed in intestines
Definition
gallstones
Term
clot in unbroken vessel
Definition
thrombus
Term
thrombus that breaks away, floats in bloodstream and may lodge elsewhere
Definition
embolus
Term
tissue death may occur brain, heart, lungs
Definition
infarction
Term
widespread clotting within unbroken BVs
Definition
disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
Term
DIC is usually triggered by
Definition
septicemia
Term
bacteria in the bloodstream
Definition
septicemia
Term
marked by widespread hemorrhaging, congestion of BV with clotted blood, and tissue necrosis in blood deprived organs
Definition
disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
Term
gamma globulins AKA
Definition
immunoglobulins
antibodies
Term
gamma globulins made by
Definition
plasma cells
Term
immunoglobulins made by
Definition
plasma cells
Term
antibodies made by
Definition
plasma cells
Term
3 main contributors to blood osmolarity
Definition
sodium ions
proteins (albumins)
RBC's
Term
another name for antigens
Definition
glycolipids
Term
nutritional requirements for RBC production
Definition
B12
folic acid
Vit C
copper
Term
-emia on the end of the word means its dealing with what
Definition
blood
Term
what are reticulocytes
Definition
immature RBCs
Term
during RBC production, ___ become mature RBC (erythrocyte)
Definition
reticulocyte
Term
macrophages in the ___ & ___ phagocytize worn out RBC
Definition
liver
spleen
Term
during hemolysis, what can happen if the HGB is not disposed of completely?
Definition
HGB can block kidney tubules and lead to renal failure
Term
macrophages convert heme into
Definition
biliverdin
Term
biliverdin becomes
Definition
bilirubin
Term
bilirubin is released from macrophage to ___ in the blood
Definition
albumins
Term
___ removes bilirubin from albumin and secretes it into the bile. (organ)
Definition
liver
Term
gut bacteria converts bilirubin into ___ responsible for feces brown color
Definition
urobilinogen
Term
basophils try to do what to infection
Definition
contain it
Term
___ count increases during allergic reaction
Definition
eosinophil
Term
WBC that phagocytizes inflammatory chemicals
Definition
eosinophil
Term
what are antigen presenting cells known as
Definition
macrophages
Term
platelets originate from what huge cell
Definition
megakaryocyte
Term
what breaks RBC up into platelets
Definition
megakaryocyte
Term
where are platelets stored til they are needed
Definition
spleen
Term
what vitamin is needed for production of clotting factors in the liver
Definition
k
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