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Bio 210-Chapter 11
Senses
93
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2012

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Term
What are the general senses?
Definition
touch, tickle, vibration, temperature, pain, proprioception
Term
What is another name for pain receptors?
Definition
nociceptors
Term
What is the function of pain receptors?
Definition
protection
Term
Are pain receptors adaptive?
Definition
no
Term
What is the stretching of visceral organs or a smooth muscle spasm?
Definition
visceral pain
Term
What is pain that is felt in a different part of the body other than the source of the pain?
Definition
referred pain
Term
Is referred pain visceral pain?
Definition
yes
Term
What type of receptor respond to changes in temperature?
Definition
thermoreceptors
Term
Are thermoreceptors adaptive?
Definition
yes
Term
What type of receptor responds to stretching, twisting and deformation?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What are 3 types of mechanoreceptors?
Definition
tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
Term
What type of receptor is sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration?
Definition
tactile
Term
What type of receptor is stimulated when your hair is disturbed?
Definition
root hair plexus
Term
Which corpuscle responds to light touch?
Definition
Meissner’s corpuscle
Term
Which corpuscle responds to heavy pressure?
Definition
Pacinian corpuscle
Term
Are mechanoreceptors located in the inner ear?
Definition
yes
Term
Name 3 structures in the inner ear where mechanoreceptors are located?
Definition
organ of Corti, macula, crista ampullaris
Term
What type of receptor monitors changes in pressure such as that in blood vessels, GI tract and urinary bladder?
Definition
baroreceptors
Term
What type of receptor monitors the position of the arms and legs?
Definition
proprioceptors
Term
What receptors detect changes in specific chemicals?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What type of receptor monitors taste and smell?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What type of receptor monitors CO2 and O2 levels?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What type of receptor monitors glucose levels?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What are our special senses?
Definition
sight, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium
Term
What type of receptor responds to light?
Definition
photoreceptors
Term
What type of receptor responds to hearing and equilibrium?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What type of receptor responds to different taste and smells?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What do photoreceptors respond to?
Definition
light
Term
Give 2 examples of photoreceptors?
Definition
rods and cones
Term
Where are these photoreceptors located in the eye?
Definition
retina
Term
What is the olfactory epithelium?
Definition
mucous membrane on the superior nasal conchae with olfactory receptors
Term
What are the olfactory receptors?
Definition
chemoreceptors that monitor smell
Term
To which lobe does the nervous impulse for smell go?
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
How is the Limbic system associated with smell?
Definition
recognizes any emotional responses to a smell
Term
What are papillae?
Definition
projections on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds which contain the gustatory receptors
Term
What are the 5 primary taste that the brain receives?
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami
Term
What kind of receptors are the olfactory and gustatory?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
What are the 2 cavities in the eye?
Definition
anterior cavity and posterior cavity
Term
Which type of humor fills each?
Definition
anterior cavity contains aqueous humor; posterior cavity contains vitreous humor
Term
What is the lens?
Definition
an elastic, transparent, biconvex structure
Term
What is the function of the lens?
Definition
the lens functions in focusing
Term
List the 3 tunics of the eye.
Definition
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic
Term
Which parts of the eyeball make up the fibrous tunic and what are their functions?
Definition
sclera and cornea; sclera is the white part of the eye that is composed of CT and functions to protect the eye, give it shape and provide a place for muscles to attach; cornea is the clear fibrous CT that covers the lens and is the first structure to bend the light coming into the eye
Term
Which parts of the eyeball make up the vascular tunic and what are their functions?
Definition
choroid coat, ciliary bodies, and iris;
Term
What are suspensory ligaments?
Definition
fibers that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens to control the shape of the lens
Term
Which parts of the eyeball make up the nervous tunic?
Definition
retina with the photoreceptors (rods and cones)
Term
What is function of rods?
Definition
rods help you to see in dim light and black and white
Term
What is the function of cones?
Definition
cones help you to see in bright light and see color
Term
What is the macula lutea?
Definition
the yellow spot on the retina that contains a depression called the fovea centralis
Term
What is the fovea centralis?
Definition
a cone shaped depression that contains only cones and this is where you have your sharpest and most distinct color vision
Term
Where is the fovea centralis located?
Definition
in the macula lutea
Term
What is the blind spot?
Definition
where the all the axons converge to form the optic nerve, it is called the optic disc
Term
Why is it called the blind spot?
Definition
it is a blind spot because there are no rods or cones in this spot
Term
Where is the conjunctiva located?
Definition
underneath the eyelid and across the sclera
Term
What does the lacrimal gland secrete?
Definition
tears
Term
What is the antibacterial enzyme secreted in tears?
Definition
lysozyme
Term
Describe the pathway of tears.
Definition
the lacrimal glands produce tears and the tears move through the lacrimal ducts to the eyeball and then across the eye to the medial canthus and enter the superior or inferior lacrimal canal and flow to the lacrimal sac, after which they drain through the nasolacrimal duct to the nasal cavity
Term
Name the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and the direction that each moves the eye.
Definition
lateral rectus moves the eye laterally;
Term
What is accommodation?
Definition
the process by which the curvature of the lens is increased or decreased in order to focus on near or far objects
Term
When the lens is flattened, what are the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments doing?
Definition
ciliary muscles relax and cause the suspensory ligaments to become taut or tight; this aids in focusing on far objects
Term
Does the lens flatten for near or far vision?
Definition
far vision
Term
What are the types of receptors in the ear?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What is the auricle?
Definition
funnel shaped part of the exterior of the ear, also called the pinna
Term
What is the external auditory meatus?
Definition
the canal through the temporal bone from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
Term
What is the tympanic membrane?
Definition
a thin, transparent CT membrane that is shaped like a flattened cone for picking up sound waves, also called the eardrum
Term
What are the ceruminous glands?
Definition
glands in the external auditory meatus that secrete cerumen or ear wax
Term
Where is the tympanic cavity?
Definition
it is the middle ear cavity
Term
Is the tympanic cavity air filled or fluid filled?
Definition
air filled
Term
Name the 3 auditory ossicles in order from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Definition
malleus, incus and stapes
Term
What does the auditory tube connect?
Definition
the tympanic cavity to the pharynx (throat) to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Term
What is the bony labyrinth?
Definition
the bony canals of the temporal bone in the inner ear, also called the osseous labyrinth
Term
Which bone is the bony labrinth located in?
Definition
temporal bone
Term
What is the membranous labyrinth?
Definition
membrane canal located inside the osseous labyrinth that follows every turn of the bony labyrinth
Term
Where is the perilymph located?
Definition
between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth
Term
Where is the endolymph located?
Definition
inside the membranous labyrinth
Term
Where is the organ of Corti located?
Definition
cochlea
Term
What kind of receptor is found in the organ of Corti?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What is the organ for hearing?
Definition
organ of Corti
Term
Where is the crista ampularis located?
Definition
in the semicircular canals
Term
What kind of receptor is located in the crista ampularis?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What is the organ for dynamic equilibrium?
Definition
crista ampullaris
Term
Where are the saccule and the utricle located?
Definition
in the vestibule
Term
What is the organ for static equilibrium?
Definition
macula
Term
What kind of receptor in located in the organ for static equilibrium?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
What are the 4 types of information that sensory receptors transmit?
Definition
Modality, location, Intensity and duration
Term
Modality refers to the type of ___ or the sensation it produces. Give some examples
Definition
stimulus; Vision, hearing, taste
Term
Location is the neuron _____ _____.
Definition
receptive field.
Term
What is a Sensory Projection?
Definition
The ablilty of the brain to identify the site of stimulation. Sensation of holding some object in hand, or texture of a material.
Term
Intensity refers to whether a sound is ___ or ____, a light is ___ or ___, or a pain is ___ or ___.
Definition
loud or soft, bright or dim, mild excruciating.
Term
Duration is refering to how long the stimulus lasts which is encoded by changes in the _____ ______ of a nerve fiber with the passage of time.
Definition
firing frequency.
Term
All receptors exhibit the property of ______
Definition
adaptation.
Term
What is the property of adaptation?
Definition
It a stimulus is prolonged, the fireing of the neuron gets slower over time and we become less aware of the stimulus.
Term
What does the hair root plexus allow you to feel?
Definition
bugs on your hair
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