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| explains relationshpis between all living things, transformed life on earth from earliest forms to present-day diversity |
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| greek, plato, 400bc, ideal form/essence |
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| aristotle, 300bc, great chain of being where each species is perfect and permanent |
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| 16-17 centuries, revolution in astronomy geology physics math and chemistry |
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| sun is center of universe |
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| provided evidence for heliocentrism |
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| universal gravitation, laws of motion, removed last doubts of heliocentrism |
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| geological deep time, uniformitarianism |
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| principles of geology, gradual geologic change |
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| 15-17 centuries, discovery of new fossils, unique fauna/flora, development of biogeographies |
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| brought things back from china |
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| thought earth was round, discovered new world |
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| captain of first global circumnavigation, crew proved earth was round |
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| 3 global circumnavigations, mapped seas, saw antarctica |
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| latinized name, father of modern taxonomy and popularized binomal system. developed heirarchical taxonomy. god creates, linneus arranges. |
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| demography, economics, population, resource limitation |
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| economics, father of capitalism, competition, selective advantage |
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| acquired characteristics, theory of organic evolution, thought changes over one's lifetime were passed onto offspring |
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| co-authored the theory of evolution via natural selection, 1809-1882, ship was the beagle |
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| coauthored the theory of evolution via natural selection, 1823-1913 |
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| smallest source of evolution |
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| population, because individuals don't change |
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| populations grow beyond their resources |
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| individuals with selective advantage leave more offspring |
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| differential reproductive success based on heritable traits, character of population changes over time |
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| ability of an individual to produce offspring relative to others in population |
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| any trait to increase fitness |
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| species have chanegd through time, species can share common ancestor |
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| same characteristics, same ancestor (mammal limbs |
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| similar structures, individually developed (bird/insect wings) |
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| occurs through genetic isolation (no gene flow) and genetic divergence (populations become different) |
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| members interbreed & produce viable offspring. can't work with fossils, asexual organisms or geographically isolated organisms |
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| based on morphological similarities, disadvantage because subjective, lots of intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism |
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| based on evolutionary ancestry. monophyletic groups share common ancestor. disadvantage - data always available |
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| based on shared niche. disadvantage - difficult to describe niche in detail. advantage - good for distinguishing between morphologically similar species |
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| bundle of cells form after gametes fuse |
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| biological, morphological, phylogenetic, ecological |
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| prevents fertilization because of mechanical, behavioral or gametic reasons |
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| occurs after fertilization because of low hybrid viability or hybrid infertility |
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| up origin. 1 species gradually transformed into new species |
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| branch origin, ancestral species diverges into 2 decedent species |
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| other country. speciation between geographically isolated populations by dispersal, colonization or vicariance |
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| same country, occurs without physical isolation because of temporal isolation, behavioral isolation or polyploidy |
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| more than 2 sets of chromosomes, results in instantaneous speciation through reproductive isolation |
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| self, multiple chromosome sets derived from a single species, occurs by genome doubling or fusion of gametes. cannot interbreed with parents |
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| multiple chromosome sets derived from 2 different species (hybridization). hybrids can self fertilize |
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| where 2 species interbreed. if both parents have better fitness than hybrid, narrow hybrid zone. if hybrid fitness is better than one parent, parental species can become extinct. if hybrid fitness is better than both prarents, an entirely new species will be created |
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| evolutionary change at the population level, affects allele frequencies |
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| evolutionary change over geological time scales, above species level |
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| type of macroevolution. genetic change continuous over time, transitional forms. supported by molecular data |
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| genetic change that occurs in short bursts, followed by long periods of little change. supported by fossil record |
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| 530mya, rapid appearance of most major groups of animals |
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| evolutionary-developmental biology. compares development of organisms to udnerstand evolutionary relationships and origins of new body plans |
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| regulate development of body along an axis, determine which body parts form on which parts of the body |
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| turn hox genes on and off |
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| differenes in growth rates among body parts |
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| retention of juvenile traits in adult. adult is sexually mature but looks like a juvenile. |
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| segment of dna that codes for polypeptide |
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| genetic constitution, combination of genes |
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| genes location on a chromosome |
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| viariant of a gene at any given locus |
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| pair of homologous genes derived from the same ancestral gene due to speciation |
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| pair of homologous genes derived from the same ancestral gene due to duplication |
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| receive genetic material without reproduction |
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| receive genetic material from ancestor (parent, species) |
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| hardy-weinberg equilibrium |
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| when allele frequencies remain constant over generations. occurs in the absence of evolution. |
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| predicts allele frequencies in the next generation. (p+q)^2=1. when p=1, allele is fixed in the population (no variation). when p=0, allele is lost in the population (and reintroduced through gene flow) |
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| hardy-weinberg assumptions |
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| no natural selection, no genetic drift, no gene flow, no mutation, random mating |
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| 4 mechanisms of evolution |
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| natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation |
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| differential contribution of genotypes to the next generation due to differences in survival and reproduction |
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| 4 types of natural selection |
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| directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual |
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| favors one extreme of a phenotype. |
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| favors intermediate phenotype |
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| favors both extremes of a phenotype |
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| favors traits that increase mating success (intersexual or intrasexual) |
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| intersexual sexual selection |
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| female choice, selection by females on male traits (ornaments) |
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| intrasexual sexual selection |
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| males compete for access to females, secondary sexual characteristics (weapons) |
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| males and females look differently |
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| heterozygotes have higher fitness than homozygotes |
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| negative frequency dependant selection |
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| rare individuals have higher fitness |
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| random, changes in gene frequencies due to random sampling and change. founder effect and genetic bottleneck.biggest influence in small populations and can lead to loss or fixation of alleles |
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| movement of alleles from one population to another, occurs by immigration, emigration, propagules, changes in genetic diversity |
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| changes in DNA, results in new allele |
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| mating between relatives. can lead to inbreading depression (accumulation of harmful traits) |
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| evolutionary history of relationships among organisms |
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| reconstruction of evolutionary relationships |
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| most recent common ancestor of all descendent species |
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| extinct or extant species |
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| groups that share a common node |
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| most ancient node, ancestor to all descendents |
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| group of taxa under study |
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| closely related species that diverged prior to the ingroup |
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| ancestor and all descendents |
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| groups of species with different ancestors (mistake) |
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| group with common ancestor but not all descendants |
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| rapid diversification of a group to occupy different ecological niches. can happen because of colonization or morphological innovation |
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| organisms function in the ecosystem |
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| star phylogeny, node with more than 2 descendants |
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| new population established |
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| reduction in population size |
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| kimura, 1968, most evolution due to genetic drift becausei t doesn't affect phenotype |
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| reconstruction of evolutionary relationships |
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| colonize unwanted habitat |
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| allows new resources to be exploited |
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| 4 methods of fossilization |
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| organically preserved (no decomp), compressed carbon rich films (stuck between layers of sedimentary rock), cast (cavity filled with minerals), permineralized (empty space in organic tissue filled with minerals) |
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| habitat (burrowing), taxonomic (hard parts), temporal (more recent), abundance (numerous), macrofossils (micro more common) |
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| use accumulation of neutral mutations to estimate time of divergence between linneages, problem because differences in generation times, solve by callibrating through fossils |
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| for recent, use DNA with high mutation rate & for ancient, use DNA with low mutation rate |
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| classification based on evolutionary ancestry and synapomorphy |
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| shared derived characteristics |
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| problem with cladistics / solution |
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| convergent evolution and reverse mutations. solution: maximum parsimony (select tree with least evolutionary changes) |
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| steps to providing life on earth |
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Definition
1. primordial soup
2. formation of organic polymers
3. formation of protobionts
4. chemical selection
5. RNA replaces DNA |
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| 3 theories of primordial soup formation |
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| reducing atmosphere, extraterrestrial, deep sea vent |
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| hadean, archaean, proterozoic, phanerozoic |
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| hadean + archaean + proterozoic |
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| start of paleozoic, rapid appearence of most phyla. 565 mya, 40myears for most animals to form |
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| 3 fossil findings that support cambrian explosion |
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1. duoshaunto fossils
2. eidacaran fossils
3. burgess fossils |
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| southern china, 580-570 mya, microscopic organisms |
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| southern australia, 560-540 mya, no hard shells, no limbs, no heads with feeding mechanisms |
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| british columbia, 525mya, eyes, mouths, limbs, shells present |
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| formation of earth, primordial soup and protobionts |
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| origin of life, radiation of prokaryotes |
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| origin and radiation of eukaryotes, simple multicellular organisms |
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| radiation and diversification of multicellular organisms. consists of paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic. |
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| cambrian explosion, first vertebrates, invasion of land, fern forests, amphibians, reptiles, insects, gynosperms, permian extinction |
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| first dinosaurs, mammals, first flowering plants, mass extinction at end of cretaceous |
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| radiation of flowering plants / insects, radiation of mammals, appearance of hominids |
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| origin and radiation of prokaryotes, photosynthesis, O2 increase in atmosphere, eukaryotes, first simple multi-cellular organisms |
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