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Bio 202
Nutrition, chapter 24
99
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2009

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Term
Nutritionmeta
Definition
Study of nutrients & how the body uses them
Term
Food Pyramid
Definition
6 basic food groups: bread & cereal, fruit, vegetables, milk and dairy, meat; (fats, oils & sweets)
Term
Water
Definition
60% of food we eat, needed by body; universal solvent; key part of chemical reactions such as hydrolysis& dehydration synthesis
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
break down of molecules by removing water
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
building of molecules by removing water
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Produces 4 calories/gram; easy source of energy (mostly from plants)
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
single ring sugars; glucose, fructose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
2 ring sugars (sucrose- white sugar; lactose-milk sugar)
Term
Complex Carbohydrates
Definition
3 or more sugar rings linked together, startch (plants), glycogen(animals)
Term
Recommended Carbohydrates per day
Definition
125-175 g complex carbohydrates/day
Term
Lipids
Definition
Produce 9 calories/gram
Term
Lipid function
Definition
Cushioning, insulation, concentrated fuel
Term
Essential fatty acids (must be in diet)
Definition
Linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid
Term
Triglyceride (true fat) produced from:
Definition
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
2 fatty acids, phosphate group & glycerol
Term
Glycerol
Definition
Part of myelin sheath and cell membranes
Term
Recommmended diet
Definition
less than 30% of calories from fat
Term
Trans-fats and saturated fats
Definition
Lead to cholesterol build-up within arteries
Term
Cholesterol-like lipids
Definition
do not have fatty acids or glycerol; included as lipids because they are non-polar and do not dissolve in water
Term
Proteins
Definition
4 calories/gram; made form 20 possible amino acids
Term
8 essential amino acids
Definition
aa's that cannot be produced by humans so must be in diet; tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylananine, lucine, isoleucine, and lysine
Term
Complete protein
Definition
contains all essential amino acids; good combo corn and beans; rice and beans or corn and grains and beans and legumes
Term
Uses for protein
Definition
Keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle, enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones, antibodies
Term
Anabolic hormones
Definition
Stimulate protein synthesis and growth
Term
Recommended protein
Definition
50-70 g protein/day for adults (meat the size of a deck of cards)
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
include a phosphate, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base e.g. atp(energy), dna(genes), rna(protein synthesis)
Term
Vitamins
Definition
most function as coenzymes, that are essential for the chemical reactions of metabolism (so regulate body processes)
Term
Classification of Vitamins
Definition
water soluble versus fat soluble properties, classified by letter given upon discovery
Term
Water soluble vitamins
Definition
excess not stored in body; lost in urine; many high dose vit
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
Antioxidant, forms collagen and intercellular material
Term
Vitamin B1(thiamine)
Definition
Metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids
Term
Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin)
Definition
part of FAD in Krebs cycle
Term
Niacin
Definition
Part of NAD+ in glycolysis, Krebs cycle
Term
Vitamin B6(pyridoxine)
Definition
amino acid metabolism
Term
Vitamin B12
Definition
Maturation and nucleic acid metabolism
Term
pantothenic acid
Definition
part of coenzyme A, in Krebs, degradefatty acids
Term
Folic acid
Definition
Synthesis of purines and thymine, DNA, RBCs
Term
Biotin
Definition
Amino acid metabolism
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
absorbed with triglycerides and stored, toxic at high levels
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Antioxidant, photopigments, epithelial surfaces
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Absorption of Ca, also made in skin
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
Antioxidant, inhibits breakdown of fatty acids
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
Clotting factors (also made in GI tract by bacteria)
Term
Minerals
Definition
Inorganic salts mostly within structure of body
Term
Macrominerals
Definition
more than 100 mg/day recommended
Term
Ca2+
Definition
bones, teeth, blood clotting, muscle and nerve activity
Term
Sodium Na+
Definition
Osmotic pressure, muscle & nerve function
Term
Potassium K+
Definition
Bones and teeth, ATP, nucleic acids
Term
Magnesium Mg2+
Definition
Muscle and nerve function, activates enzymes
Term
Phosphorus P
Definition
Normal muscle and nerve function, intracellular fluid
Term
Chlorine Cl
Definition
body fluids, important for nervous system major anion involved in muscle and neuron activity
Term
Microminerals
Definition
Intake less than 20mg/day
Term
Fe
Definition
hemoglobin, ATP formation, cytochromes; promotes resisitance to disease, prevents fatigue
Term
Zn: zinc
Definition
part of enzymes, governs the ctractility of muscles
Term
I: Iodine
Definition
Formation of thyroid hormones; metabolism
Term
Fl: Flouride ion
Definition
Teeth and bones, protection from fluoridated drinking water and seafood, strengthens bones
Term
Cu: Copper
Definition
makes hemoglobin and pigment melanin
Term
Se- Selenium
Definition
May prevent liver damage, keeps up energy by aiding iron absorption
Term
Mn- Maganese
Definition
Formation of urea, activates some enzymes
Term
Mo- molybdenum
Definition
Part of enzymes used in metabolism of proteins
Term
Co- Cobalt
Definition
Part of vitamin B12, maturation of RBCs
Term
Metabolism
Definition
All biochemical reactions in cells of body
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Building molecules (by dehydration synthesis) small to large molecules
Term
Catabolism
Definition
Breaking down molecules (by hydrolysis); large to sm molecules true fat to 3 fatty acids+glycerol
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
Addition of a phospate group (PO4) to a molecules
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Release of ATP molecules through a step-wise breakdown of organic compounds, especially glucose
Term
Anaerobic Fermentation
Definition
pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid to remove pyruvic acid, allowing further glycolysis-no further ATP gain
Term
Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
(aerobic)enzymes further breakdown of pyruvic acid(converted to acetyl CoA) in a stepwise reaction; occurs in mitochondria when 02 is available
Term
Electron Transport System
Definition
(aerobic respiration) occurs on mitochondrial membranes; chain of enzymes uses NADH2 and FADH2 to convert ADP to ATP molecules
Term
Total Release of ATPs
Definition
From 1 molecules of glucose: 36 ATPS (between glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and Electron Transport System)
Term
Glycogenesis
Definition
Conversion of glucose to glycogen in live and skeletal muscle
Term
Lipid metabolism
Definition
Lipids may be broken down and shunted to Kreb's Cycle
Term
Lipogenesis
Definition
Make a lipid e.g. triglyceride/true fat
Term
Protein metabolism
Definition
Amino acids may be oxidized for energy
Term
Transamination
Definition
1st step in amino acid break down forms glutamic acid (catabolism)
Term
Deamination
Definition
Remove amine group from amino acid; yields to NH3 + keto acid, NH3 converted to Urea, urea is then removed by kidney
Term
Process after meal consumed
Definition
absorptive state, 4 hrs after meal, glucose major fuel; liver: recieves nutriends; synthesis or release; adipose tissue: stores lipids as triglycerides; skeletal muscle: forms glycogen storage reserves; pancreas: releases insulin in response to rising glucose levels to absorption of glucose
Term
Post Absorptive State; regulated by live
Definition
glucose sparing, glucose reserved for nervous system
Term
Glucagon hormone
Definition
Causes break down of stored carbohydrates and triglycerides
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Releases stored carbs and triglycerides when blood sugar suddenly drops
Term
Insulin
Definition
Glucose uptake and storage by muscle, liver, energy made available to cells, protein synthesis occurs- muscle, liver
Term
Major biological actions of glucagon
Definition
Liver and muscle; glycogen breakdown to glucose, lipid breakdown
Term
Where does glucose transporter for insulin GLUT4 operate
Definition
In skeletal muscle, cardiac muscles and adipose tissue but not in all tissues
Term
What doesn't need insulin to allow glucose transport
Definition
Nerve cells, blood vessels, most smooth muscle, liver and kidneys
Term
Metabolic function of liver
Definition
Packages fatty acids to be stored or transported, makes plasma proteins, forms nonessential amino acids, converts ammonia to urea, stores glucose as glycogen, regulatin blood sugar, stores vitamins and minerals, degrades hormones, detoxifies drugs and alcohol
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Cholesterol forms part of cell membranes, steroid hormones, bile salts
Term
LDL
Definition
Cells take up the cholesterol they need (but good to be low)
Term
Risks of high plasma levels of LDL
Definition
increases risk of atherosclerosis
Term
Effects of high HDL
Definition
remove fatty acids from blood stream
Term
Effects of omega 3 fatty acids
Definition
lower saturated fats and cholesterol
Term
Metabolic rate of temp regulation
Definition
rate of biochemical modifications of entire body
Term
BMR
Definition
Basal metabolic rate- rate of reactions at rest
Term
Factors affecting BMR
Definition
surface area, age, sex, stress, hormones
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
regulation of body temperature
Term
radiation
Definition
Loss of heat as infrared rays: warm body to cool air
Term
Conduction
Definition
transfer of heat from direct contact
Term
Convection
Definition
heat exchange with surface, air currents
Term
Evaporation
Definition
Heat loss as water vapor evaporates from body surfaces (sweating)
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Human Thermostat
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