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Definition
| Study of nutrients & how the body uses them |
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| 6 basic food groups: bread & cereal, fruit, vegetables, milk and dairy, meat; (fats, oils & sweets) |
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| 60% of food we eat, needed by body; universal solvent; key part of chemical reactions such as hydrolysis& dehydration synthesis |
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| break down of molecules by removing water |
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| building of molecules by removing water |
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| Produces 4 calories/gram; easy source of energy (mostly from plants) |
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| single ring sugars; glucose, fructose |
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| 2 ring sugars (sucrose- white sugar; lactose-milk sugar) |
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| 3 or more sugar rings linked together, startch (plants), glycogen(animals) |
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| Recommended Carbohydrates per day |
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| 125-175 g complex carbohydrates/day |
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| Cushioning, insulation, concentrated fuel |
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| Essential fatty acids (must be in diet) |
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| Linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid |
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| Triglyceride (true fat) produced from: |
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Definition
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| 2 fatty acids, phosphate group & glycerol |
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| Part of myelin sheath and cell membranes |
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| less than 30% of calories from fat |
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| Trans-fats and saturated fats |
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Definition
| Lead to cholesterol build-up within arteries |
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Definition
| do not have fatty acids or glycerol; included as lipids because they are non-polar and do not dissolve in water |
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| 4 calories/gram; made form 20 possible amino acids |
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| aa's that cannot be produced by humans so must be in diet; tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylananine, lucine, isoleucine, and lysine |
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| contains all essential amino acids; good combo corn and beans; rice and beans or corn and grains and beans and legumes |
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| Keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle, enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones, antibodies |
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Definition
| Stimulate protein synthesis and growth |
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| 50-70 g protein/day for adults (meat the size of a deck of cards) |
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Definition
| include a phosphate, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base e.g. atp(energy), dna(genes), rna(protein synthesis) |
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Definition
| most function as coenzymes, that are essential for the chemical reactions of metabolism (so regulate body processes) |
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| Classification of Vitamins |
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Definition
| water soluble versus fat soluble properties, classified by letter given upon discovery |
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| excess not stored in body; lost in urine; many high dose vit |
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| Antioxidant, forms collagen and intercellular material |
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| Metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids |
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| part of FAD in Krebs cycle |
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| Part of NAD+ in glycolysis, Krebs cycle |
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| Maturation and nucleic acid metabolism |
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Definition
| part of coenzyme A, in Krebs, degradefatty acids |
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Definition
| Synthesis of purines and thymine, DNA, RBCs |
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| absorbed with triglycerides and stored, toxic at high levels |
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Definition
| Antioxidant, photopigments, epithelial surfaces |
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Definition
| Absorption of Ca, also made in skin |
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| Antioxidant, inhibits breakdown of fatty acids |
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| Clotting factors (also made in GI tract by bacteria) |
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| Inorganic salts mostly within structure of body |
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| more than 100 mg/day recommended |
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| bones, teeth, blood clotting, muscle and nerve activity |
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| Osmotic pressure, muscle & nerve function |
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| Bones and teeth, ATP, nucleic acids |
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| Muscle and nerve function, activates enzymes |
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| Normal muscle and nerve function, intracellular fluid |
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| body fluids, important for nervous system major anion involved in muscle and neuron activity |
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| Intake less than 20mg/day |
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| hemoglobin, ATP formation, cytochromes; promotes resisitance to disease, prevents fatigue |
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Definition
| part of enzymes, governs the ctractility of muscles |
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| Formation of thyroid hormones; metabolism |
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| Teeth and bones, protection from fluoridated drinking water and seafood, strengthens bones |
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| makes hemoglobin and pigment melanin |
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| May prevent liver damage, keeps up energy by aiding iron absorption |
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| Formation of urea, activates some enzymes |
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| Part of enzymes used in metabolism of proteins |
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| Part of vitamin B12, maturation of RBCs |
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Definition
| All biochemical reactions in cells of body |
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Definition
| Building molecules (by dehydration synthesis) small to large molecules |
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Definition
| Breaking down molecules (by hydrolysis); large to sm molecules true fat to 3 fatty acids+glycerol |
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Definition
| Addition of a phospate group (PO4) to a molecules |
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Definition
| Release of ATP molecules through a step-wise breakdown of organic compounds, especially glucose |
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Definition
| pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid to remove pyruvic acid, allowing further glycolysis-no further ATP gain |
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| Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
| (aerobic)enzymes further breakdown of pyruvic acid(converted to acetyl CoA) in a stepwise reaction; occurs in mitochondria when 02 is available |
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| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
| (aerobic respiration) occurs on mitochondrial membranes; chain of enzymes uses NADH2 and FADH2 to convert ADP to ATP molecules |
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Definition
| From 1 molecules of glucose: 36 ATPS (between glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and Electron Transport System) |
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Definition
| Conversion of glucose to glycogen in live and skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| Lipids may be broken down and shunted to Kreb's Cycle |
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Definition
| Make a lipid e.g. triglyceride/true fat |
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Definition
| Amino acids may be oxidized for energy |
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Definition
| 1st step in amino acid break down forms glutamic acid (catabolism) |
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Definition
| Remove amine group from amino acid; yields to NH3 + keto acid, NH3 converted to Urea, urea is then removed by kidney |
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| Process after meal consumed |
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Definition
| absorptive state, 4 hrs after meal, glucose major fuel; liver: recieves nutriends; synthesis or release; adipose tissue: stores lipids as triglycerides; skeletal muscle: forms glycogen storage reserves; pancreas: releases insulin in response to rising glucose levels to absorption of glucose |
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| Post Absorptive State; regulated by live |
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Definition
| glucose sparing, glucose reserved for nervous system |
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| Causes break down of stored carbohydrates and triglycerides |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Releases stored carbs and triglycerides when blood sugar suddenly drops |
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Definition
| Glucose uptake and storage by muscle, liver, energy made available to cells, protein synthesis occurs- muscle, liver |
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| Major biological actions of glucagon |
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Definition
| Liver and muscle; glycogen breakdown to glucose, lipid breakdown |
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| Where does glucose transporter for insulin GLUT4 operate |
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Definition
| In skeletal muscle, cardiac muscles and adipose tissue but not in all tissues |
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Term
| What doesn't need insulin to allow glucose transport |
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Definition
| Nerve cells, blood vessels, most smooth muscle, liver and kidneys |
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| Metabolic function of liver |
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Definition
| Packages fatty acids to be stored or transported, makes plasma proteins, forms nonessential amino acids, converts ammonia to urea, stores glucose as glycogen, regulatin blood sugar, stores vitamins and minerals, degrades hormones, detoxifies drugs and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol forms part of cell membranes, steroid hormones, bile salts |
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Definition
| Cells take up the cholesterol they need (but good to be low) |
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| Risks of high plasma levels of LDL |
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Definition
| increases risk of atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| remove fatty acids from blood stream |
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| Effects of omega 3 fatty acids |
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Definition
| lower saturated fats and cholesterol |
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| Metabolic rate of temp regulation |
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Definition
| rate of biochemical modifications of entire body |
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Term
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Definition
| Basal metabolic rate- rate of reactions at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| surface area, age, sex, stress, hormones |
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Definition
| regulation of body temperature |
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| Loss of heat as infrared rays: warm body to cool air |
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Definition
| transfer of heat from direct contact |
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| heat exchange with surface, air currents |
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| Heat loss as water vapor evaporates from body surfaces (sweating) |
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