Term
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Definition
is a fluid mosaic
proteins floating in or on phospholipid bilayer
kiinked tails prevent tight packing |
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Definition
two sheet like layers
heads- polar- hydrophobic
tails- nonpolar- hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
plasma membrane
phospholipids
protein
cholesterol
glycocalyx |
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Term
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Definition
o Folds in the inner membrane provide a large surface area on which the chemical reactions take place, also semi- fluid called matrix, surrounded by a double membrane
o Function: (power house) generates cell energy, performs cellular respiration, production of ATP from glucose and oxygen, all other processes in the cell use the energy in ATP as fuel.
Muscle cells- high energy requirements = high amounts of mitochondria
Skin Cells- low energy requirements- low mitochondria amounts |
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Term
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Definition
o Composed of a large and a small subunit, each subunit has a mix of proteins and rRNA
o where proteins are produced
o proteins destined to be embedded in the plasma membrane, sequestered inside vesicles or secreted outside the cell are made in ribosome’s associated with the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) |
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Term
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Definition
(information center) DNA replication and RNA synthesis
o Largest organelles
o Control center
o Stores all genetic info
o 3 recognizable structures
Nuclear envelope- contains all the info for making proteins wihin an envelope, the cell can control the passage of signals out of the cytosol, DNA NEVER LEAVES THE NUCLEUS
Nucleolus- little nucleus, site of ribosomal RNA
Chromatin- DNA+ histone proteins, the DNA chains are wrapped around proteins to make threads called chromatin, beads on a string |
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Term
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Definition
- transport network for molecules
o Smooth ER is continuous with rough ER but lacks ribosome’s, since it lacks ribosome’s, protein synthesis cannot occur in the SER
o SER the site of various synthetic processes, detox and storage |
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Term
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Definition
o Looks like stack of pancakes
o Molecular UPS
Modifies, sorts, ships
process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
contain digestive enzymes, organelles of intracellular digestion.
o Breakdown the four groups of biological macromolecules
o The can engulf and break down: large organic molecules, old organelles, glycogen, bone and whole cells
o Important for recyclining |
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Term
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Definition
| break down fatty acids and amino acids, neutralize dangerous free radicals and breakdown alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| tissue repair process (in order) |
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Definition
inflammation
clot formation
organization
regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| damage vessels leak blood, damaged cells and mast cells leak histamine, plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| scab forms on surface, macrophages clean up debris |
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Term
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Definition
| clot is replaced by granulated tissue, new capillaries grow into wound, and fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace old material |
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Definition
| - replacement of dead or damaged cells with original cells, connective tissue forms only scar tissue (fibrosis), remodeling phase may last 2 years |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (collagen) |
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Term
| epithelial tissue functions |
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Definition
protection,
sensory perception (skin),
filtration (kidneys),
lubrication, digestion, absorption (GI tract),
secretion (nasal membranes),
excretion (urinary tract),
reproductive (fallopian tubes) |
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Term
| characteristics of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
• Avascular
• Extracellular material so thin it is not visible
• Depends on underlying connective tissue
• Cellularity- closely packed cells
• Specialized contacts
• Polarity
• Rests upon CT
• Innervated- nerve fibers
• Regeneration- replacement of lost or damaged cells |
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Term
| connective tissue functions |
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Definition
| connects organs to each other, gives support and protection, energy and heat production, movement and transportation of materials |
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Term
| connective tissue characteristics |
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Definition
• Most abundant and variable tissue type
• Fibroblasts- produce fibers and ground substance
• Adipocytes- store fat
• WBC’s- function in immunity and tissue repair
• Collagen fibers- called white fibers
• Reticular fibers- thin collagen fibers coated with glucoprotein
• Elastic fibers- yellow fibers |
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Term
| muscular tissue functions |
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Definition
| - movement (whole body, body parts, substances through the body), posture, speech, respiration, heat production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| skeletal muscle functions |
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Definition
| under voluntary control, movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing and excretion, Movement, stability, communication, control body openings, heat production |
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Term
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Definition
| heart, involuntary, found in the heart, pump blood, individual cells are called cardiocytes or myocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary, short fusiform cells, swallowing, GI tract functions, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hairs, and control of pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| internal communication between cells |
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Term
| types of connective tissue |
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Definition
loose-
areolar
reticular
adipose
dense-
dense reg
dense irreg
supportive-
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartiglage
bone |
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Term
| functions of loose connective tissue |
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Definition
areolar tissue- fascia between muscles
-reticular tissue- forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs
-adipose tissue- energy storage, insulation, space filled as cushioning |
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Term
| functions of dense connective tissue |
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Definition
-dense regular- tendons and ligaments attach to bones and hold bones together
-dense irregular- withstands stress applied in different directions |
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Term
| functions of supportive and fluid connective tissues |
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Definition
o hyaline cartilage- supports airway, eases joint movements
o elastic cartilage- provides flexible, elastic support
o fibrocartilage- resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints
o bone tissue- physical support, leverage for muscles, mineral storage |
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Term
| where is muscluar tissue found |
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Definition
Skeletal- attached to bone, throughout body
Cardiac- only found in heart
Smooth- sheets of muscle in viscera, iris, hair follicles, sphincters |
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Term
| distingisihing characteristics of muscle tissue |
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Definition
Skeletal- voluntary, striations, multiple peripheral nuclei
Cardiac- involuntary, in heart only, striations and intercalated discs
Smooth- involuntary, nonstriated, one central nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| growth and increase of the size of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| premature death of a cell |
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Term
| three layers of cutaenous membrane and derma |
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Definition
- Epidermis
- Dermis-
smooth muscle= piloerector muscles,
skeletal muscle = expressions, vascular, .2mm to 4mm;
- 2 dermal layers
-Papillary
Loosely organized areolar tissue, allows for motility of WBC’s
- Reticular
Deepest 4/5
Dense irregular connective tissue
Thick collagen
adipocytes
- hypodermis- known as subcutaneous tissue of superficial fasica, binds skin to underlying tissue, more adipose than dermis, energy reservoir, and thermal insulation
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Term
| skin is compromised of what types of tissue |
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Definition
*epidermis- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
*dermis- connective tissue
*hypodermis- subcutaneous layer |
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Term
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Definition
1. stratum basale- deepest layer
2. stratum spinousum- thickest layer, contains more living keratinocytes, alert the immue system to foreign invaders
3. stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers of granule and vesicle containing keratinocytes, cells are dying, release lipids from vesicles, forms a protein lipid epidermal water barrier
4. stratum lucidum- think transclucent zone, no nuclei or organelles, cells are filled with eledin
5. stratum corneum—up to 30 laters, dead scaly keratinized cells, resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by UV radiation, produces yellow, brown, black, and reddish hues, concentrated in moles and freckles, produced by melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood |
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Term
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Definition
| yellowing of skin and sclera, due to excess bilirubin in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| flat aggregations of melanocytes, heredity and sun exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated melanized skin, sometimes with hair, usually benign |
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Term
| functions of skeletal system |
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Definition
| support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral reservoir, pH balance, detoxification |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
closed(simple)- skin is not broken -open(compound)- bone protrudes from skin -complete- broken in 2 or more pieces -incomplete- extends only partway -greenstick- one side bent, incomplete fracture on other -hairline- fine crack -comminuted- broken in 3 or more pieces -linear- parallel along the long axis of the bone -transverse- perpendicular to long axis of the bone -oblique- diagonal (between linear and transverse) -spiral- resulting of a twisting stress |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive blood calcium (rare), depresses nervous system, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of blood calcium, excessive excitability of nervous system, muscle spasms, tremors, tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
| released when blood calcium levels are too low, inhibits activity of osteoblasts, stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity, reduces calcium secretion and increases phosphate seceretion in the urine, stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitrol synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high, promotes bone deposition of calcium, reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 mins, increases the number and activity of osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal softness in bone adults |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial infection causes inflammation of ossous tissue and bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumor of the bone and cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| slow growing cancer of hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| produces blood cells, found in axial skeleton and girdles |
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Term
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Definition
| fat marrow of long bones, gelatinous |
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Term
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Definition
| flat, long, short, irregular |
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Term
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Definition
| hyaline cartilage plate where bone growth occurs |
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Term
| effects of anabolic steroids during adolescence |
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Definition
stunted growth
testicular atrophy
increased body hair
heart attacks
liver damage |
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Term
| joints infections, diseases and disorders |
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Definition
Bursitis- inflammation of bursa
Tendonitis- inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis- a broad term for pain and inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune attack on joint
Gouty- excess uric acid build up |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| replacing a diseased joint with a fake one |
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Term
| what type of joint most prone to injury |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where it comes from/originates |
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Term
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Definition
| where it inserts to what it moves |
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Term
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Definition
| main muscle that moves a certain function |
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Term
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Definition
| aids the prime mover in same movement |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that opposes prime mover |
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Term
| infections diseases and disorders of muscle tissue |
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Definition
Muscular dystrophy- group of hereditary diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerated and are replaced
Myasthenia Gravis- autoimmune diease where antibodies attack NMJ and bind Ach receptors together in clusters- woment between ages of 20 and 40 |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransimitter basis of muscle movement |
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Term
| reulatory proteins of muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| structural proteins of muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Responsiveness- excitability
Conductivity
Contractility- shortens when stimulated
Extensibility- cabable of being stretched
Elasticity- returns to its original resting length after being stretched
• relatively large
• smooth/skeletal are multi nucleated
• able to contract longitudinally
• contain myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours after death and diminishes over next 48 hours, deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium |
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Term
| structural parts of a neuron |
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Definition
cell body- single central nucleus with large nucleolus
-dendrites- receives signals, vast numbers
-axon- nerve fiber |
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Term
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Definition
Excitability- highly responsive to stimuli
-Conductivity- producing traveling electrical signals
-Secretion- when electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a neurotransmitter is secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| form myelin sheaths in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant diverse functions |
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Term
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Definition
| line cavities and form cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of infection, trauma, and stroke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
period of resistance to stimulation
Absolute refractory period- as long as Na+ gates are open
Relative refractory period- is occuring only to a small patch of membrane at one time and happens as long as K+ gates are open |
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Term
| myelinated vs unmyelinated |
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Definition
| myelinated is faster at 120m/sec, unmyleinated is 2.0-15.0m/sec |
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Term
| fastet signal transmission |
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Definition
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Term
| infections diseases and disorders of nervous tissue |
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Definition
Multiple sclerosis- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS degenerate, replaced by hardened scar tissue
Tay-sachs disease- hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of eastern European jewish ancestry, abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid in the myelin sheath
Alzheimer disease- memory loss for recent events, mood, combative, lose ability to walk, talk, and eat
Parkinson disease- progressive loss of motor function beginning in 50’s or 60’s—no recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| detect changes in the environment called stimuli and transmit info to the CNS (vision, touch, hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| sends signals from the CNS to muscles and gland cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| receives sensory information and relays motor signals to muscles and glands |
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Term
| Regions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| Cervical-C1-C5, brachial- C5-T1, Lumbar- L1-L4, Sacral L4,L5 and S1-S4, Coccygeal- S4, S5, and c0 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tough collagenous membrane, surrounded by epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura mater and loose mesh of fibers filled CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate membrane adherent to spinal cord |
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Term
| infections diseases and disorders of the nerves |
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Definition
Spina bifida- neural tube defects birth defect due to abnormal development of the neural tube and vertebral column
o Spina bifida cytice- sac protrudes from spine
Poliomyelitis- pollovirus destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord, muscle pain, weakness, and loss of relexes
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- causes unknow, sclerosis of spinal cord due to astrocyte failure to reabsorb glutamate neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| when a sensory receptor is stimulated, signals pass from it along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. The message travels out of the spinal cord along a motor neuron to the effector organ which acts accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
| provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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Term
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Definition
| – cardiac center, vasomotor, respiratory, reflex center nuclei of sensory and motor CNs (9-12), rate and force of heart, blood vessel diameter, rate and depth of breathing, coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, movements of tounge and head |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, and posture, CNs (5-8) |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory input, spatial perception, timekeeping, planning, scheduling tasks, distinguish pitch and similar sounding words |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| integrate sensory info from various senses |
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Term
| temporl lobe of the brain |
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Definition
| senses of smell and sound as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes |
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Term
| occipital lobe of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secretion, autonomic NS control, thermoregulation, food and water intake, hunger and satiety, sleep, circadian rhythms, memory, mammillary bodies, emotional behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| short term memory (part of the limbic system) |
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Term
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Definition
| emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
endocrine gland that seceretes horomones
seratonin- happy horomone
melatonin- sleep |
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Term
| infections disease and disorders of CNS |
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Definition
Aphasia- any language deficit resulting from lesions in the same hemisphere as wernickes and Broca’s area – nonfluent aphrasia- lesion to Broca’s, Fluent Aphasia—lesions to wernickes, anomic aphasia- speech and understanding are normal but text and pictures make no sense
Cerebral Palsy- muscular in coordination
Concussion- damage to brain from blow to head
Encephalitis- inflammation of brain due to infection
Epilepsy- sudden massive discharge of neurons
Migraine headache- sever recurring headaches
Schizophrenia- thought disorder involving delusions |
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Term
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Definition
Olfactory - smell
Optic - vision
Oculomotor - eye movement
Trochlear - superior oblique muscle
Trigeminal - touch, pain, temperature
Abducens - lateral rectus muscle
Facial - facial expressions, taste
Vestibulocochlear - hearing, balance
Glossopharyngeal - swallowing, salivation, gagging, taste
Vagus - swallowing, speech, major viscera
Accessory - head, neck, shoulder movement
Hypoglossal - tounge movement |
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Term
| functions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
*conduction – bundles of fibers pass information up and down
*locomotion – repetitive, coordinated actions of several muscle groups
*reflexes – involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli |
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Term
| tissues/organs ANS controls |
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Definition
| glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
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Term
| types of unconcious processes it controls |
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Definition
| homeostaist (BP, body temp, respiratory airflow) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how the vagus nerve affect the action of the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| which crnaial nerve affect the action of the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| know the 3 routes of sympahetic innervations |
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Definition
· Spinal nerve route
o Effectors in body wall are innervated by sympathetic fibers that travel through spinal nerves
· Sympathetic nerve route
o Effectors in head and thoracic cavity are innervated by fibers in specific sympathetic nerves (i.e sweat, nasal, blood vessels)
· Splanchnic (visceral) nerve route
o Effectors in abdominal cavity are innervated by sympathetic fibers in splanchnic nerves that lead to 3 major collateral ganglia
§ Celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric ganglion
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Term
| what does the adrenal medulla secrete |
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Definition
| epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinepherine |
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Term
| what are the 2 effects of dual innervation |
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Definition
• Agonistic effects- oppose each other
• Cooperative effects- when two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous tunic- sclera and cornea
Vascular tunic- choroid, ciliary body, iris, and pupil
Sensory tunic- retina |
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