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Bio 1st exam
bio 100
33
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/27/2011

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Cards

Term
Dr. Gill's background and training
Definition
BYU, Colorado State, Duke, Washington State
Term
Three learning outcomes
Definition
Literacy, Process, Stewardship
Term
what is required to receive an A?
Definition
Attendance, show up do your work
Term
What is the class motto?
Definition
Don't eat the marshmallow
Term
Define hypothesis
Definition
an educated guess
Term
In the Tangle, waht is the evidence that Paul Cox uses to support his argument? What is the unexplained evidence?
Definition
Temporality: The disease appeared 30 years after the bats were consumed. The population of bats dyed down and the disease disappeared. The cyanid bacteria was found in trace amounts in other neurodegenerative diseases. Other people who died of the tangle disease did not have any of the BMAA. His findings could not be replicated. Consistency, there was not multiple bats to sample and could have been sick bats.
Term
Describe how the culture of science differs from other ways of knowing the world.
Definition
Religion, Art are emotional. Science is based on honesty, search for truth, logical.
Term
What are the classes of questions that science is well suited to address?
Definition
1. is x Y? Are the two things the same?
2. Is X different that Y. They are not the same.
3. Does x cause Y.
Term
What are elements in religion that influence how we perceive science?
Definition
See picture
Term
Inference
Definition
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
Term
Temporality
Definition
Exposure precedes outcome
Term
Strength
Definition
“Size” of association
Term
Dose Response
Definition
Increase exposure increases outcome
Term
Consistency
Definition
Multiple studies/ multiple environments
Term
Plausibility
Definition
Agrees with currently understood processes
Term
Alternatives
Definition
Other possible explanations
Term
Experimentation
Definition
Can outcomes be altered by changing system
Term
Specificity
Definition
A single cause produces a specific effect
Term
Coherence
Definition
Compatible with existing theory
Term
What is the gambler's fallacy? What does this teach us about probabilities?
Definition
A person thinks that because they have had a lot of heads they are going to get a tails because it has to happen. It always only has a 50/50 chance. The probability is concrete and unchanging.
Term
What is the etiology (disease causation) for cholera? How do we know?
Definition
Bacteria in the water. John Snow did a retrospective epidemiological study. Disproved other myths and fallacies. Was able to track and regulate the common key to a well and find where the water came from.
Term
Define Confounder. Why are confounders such a problem in science?
Definition
A variable that eludes the outcome in a study. If we don't block for confounding variables we can be mislead and attribute causation to a wrong element.ex: Eating ice cream leads to drowning. Confounding variable: Sun.
Term
Cohort
Definition
follow a single group of individuals over time. Can learn a lot about indiv over a long time, don't keep re sampling the variation of the population
Term
Retrospective
Definition
explain a pattern after is has occurred; relies on human memory of past exposures. Least powerful, can lead to wild causative correlations that are statistical artifacts
Term
Cross sectional
Definition
survey a large population and look for correlated traits; allows for a snap-shot in time at what behaviors and medical conditions are correlated. NOT causation.
Term
Characteristics that define life.
Definition
Regulation, metabolism, Information and Reproduction
Term
Why is regulation so critical for life?
Definition
It helps us stay alive by controlling/maintaining the rate or speed of machine or process so that it operates properly. Ex: salt, reg keeps in 1/2 life and keep it out 1/2 life. We need only a certain proportion to live.
Term
How do bacteria communicate? how does this illustrate both the importance of regulation and the role of membrane proteins?
Definition
Quorum sensing. When one membrane senses an invasion it communicates to another so that it can regulate the invasion. The proteins are the messages that are sent in order to regulate the communication. Communication would seize without the proteins.
Term
What are the inferences that can be drawn from Mendel's laws of inheritance?
Definition
Mendellion traits and diseases outcomes.
Term
describe the central dogma? what does it mean?
Definition
DNA codes for RNA, RNA make proteins. Proteins can never create DNA.
Term
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype.
Definition
Pheno is the Physical outward trait. Genotype is the genetic make up.
Term
What is meant by heritability? What are it's two components? How can twin studies help in assessing heritability?
Definition
Phenotype = genetics = environment
H^2 = Var Genetics/Var Phenotype. Exactly the same genotype so can be used to determine genetic controls over human traits. Nature V nurture.
Term
What are the differences between Mendelian and Quantitative inheritance.
Definition
mendelion are simple, one gene, dom/recessive. Quantitative are complex, multi gene, distribution/diverse.
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