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Definition
| Penetrating tip of fungi or parasitic plants: penetrates into host cell |
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| Thin long strands of cells where most absorprtion occurs |
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| Interwoven strands of hyphae |
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| Cross walls delineating cells, have pores for ribosomes, mitochondria, even nuclei to pass through |
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| Aseptate hyphae; one multinucleate cytoplasmic mass |
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| Reproductive cell capable of dividng to produce a multicellular individual without fusing with another cell |
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| A structure(container) in which gametes are produced |
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| A structure(container) in which gametes are produced |
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Definition
| Fusion(marriage) of cytoplasm of two different cells |
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Definition
| Fusion of nuclei of two different cells |
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| Fusion of two cells in sexual reproduction(fertilization) |
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Definition
-(n+n)
-Having two genetically different nuclei within one cell(this is different than either haploid or diploid)
-This is a special case of the more general term "heterokaryotic", which describes the condition of having genetically different nuclei within the same hyphae or mycelium |
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Definition
the result of a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. This symbiosis takes place at the root level, where individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant, either intracellularly or extracellularly.
This symbiotic association provides the fungus with a renewable source of food through access to fixed carbon (sugars) from the plant photosynthate. These are translocated to the root tissues from their source location (usually leaves), and then to the fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the use of the mycelium's tremendous surface area to absorb mineral nutrients from the soil. It is believed that the mycelia of mycorrhizal networks have better mineral absorption capabilities compared to plant roots. |
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Definition
| asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal. |
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Definition
microscopic fungi, close relatives to yeast.
Their food source is organic matter which they break down into other, overall simpler, compounds in order to live off the stored chemical energy in the organic matter. By decomposing organic matter, molds play a big part in material biodegradation, enabling decay and rot necessary to all ecosystems. Molds do not use photosynthesis to receive energy; humidity and temperature are sufficient.
For reproductive purposes, molds produce microscopically small spores, which can remain airborne indefinitely. Spores survive extreme temperatures and pressure, and molds can begin growing at temperatures as low as 2°C. When conditions do not enable growth, molds can remain alive in a dormant state, within a large range of temperatures, before they die. This explains how molds can thrive, for example, in containers in refrigerators, or inside building structure cavities. Moving air may prevent mold from growing since it has the same dessicating effect as lowering humidity. |
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Term
| Describe two extremely important ecological functions performed by fungi |
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Definition
1. Decomposers
2. Important mutualisms with plants and algae |
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Term
| Describe the generalized vegetative structure of fungi and how this strucutre is suited to their mode of nutrition. |
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Definition
Mycelia, which is highly branched
-Has very high surface area:volume ratio
-All parts of fungal body(except reproductive structures) in close contact with environment/food source
-Interior of any cell is in close contact with environment |
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| How do we classify most fungi? |
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Definition
They are classified by structure
1. Chytridiomycota: Flaggellated zoospores; Aseptate; coencocytic
2. Zygomycota: Zygosporangia; Aseptate, Coenocytic
3. Ascomycota: Septate; Ascospore; sac fungi
4. Glomeromycota: hard to group; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF); symboints
5. Basidiomycota: Club Fungi; septate with dolipore; basifiospore |
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Definition
| Enzymes that are secreted; breaks down larger compounds into smaller more usable nutrients |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide; Polymer of glucose; comparable to cellulose; it is what indicates that fungus is more closely related to animals than plants |
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Definition
| Fruiting body(reproductive organ) of a basidomycota; the club fungus |
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Definition
| The spore of a basidiomycota; occurs on the basidiocarp; occurs in 4's on the basidium |
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| List the five traits of fungi as discussed in lecture |
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Definition
1. Eukaryotic
2. Heterotrophic(decomposer)
3. Body made of hyphae(chitin as cell wall)
4. Distribution of spores by sexual and asexual means
5. Heterokaryotic stage(unique life cycle) |
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| Why are fungus said to be more closely related to animals than plants? |
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Definition
| Chitin is more like animals than plants; Heterotrophy because plants are never heterotrophic |
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| How is mycelium's structure related to its nutrition absorbtion mode |
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Definition
| -Maximize surface area to volume ratio, so they can absorb as many nutrients as possible with the aid of exoenzymes |
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| Describe the four examples of fungal hyphae as discussed in lecture |
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Definition
1. Trapping hyphae: carnivorous
2. Septae: has septum; closed cells
3. Coencytic: no septum; open cells
4. Haustoric: Go into cells; like encomycorrhizae |
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| Describe the generalized life cycle of fungi |
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Definition
Sexual Life Cycle
1. Spores
2. Germination
3. Mycelium
4. Plasmogamy
5. Heterokaryotic Stage
6. Karyogamy
7. Meiosis
8. Spore producing structure
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Asexual Life Cycle
1. Spore
2. Germination
3. Spore Producing Structure |
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Term
| What are the four main phyla of fungi? |
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Definition
1. basidiomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Zygomycota
4. Chytridiomycota |
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| What are the distinguishing features of these four phyla |
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Definition
1. Basidiomycota: fragmentation
2. Ascomycota:
3. Zygomycota: Nonmotile spores
4. Chytridomycota: No sexual spore; zoospores |
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Term
| What is the difference between the two maint types of mycorrhizae? |
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Definition
1. Ectomycorrhizae: outside; form sheaths over the outer surface of a root; do not penetrate cell walls; may grow into extracellular spaces of the root cortex
2. Endomycorrhizae: Extend into interiors of root cells; "arbuscular" |
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Term
| Explain the life cycle of a basidiomycete |
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Definition
Sexual Life Cycle
Asexual Life Cycle |
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