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Bio 1A Final
Dr. Firestone
151
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2008

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Term
leptin
Definition
"produced by adipose tissue (fat). Low leptin increases appetite, high leptin decreases appetite and increases muscle activity. Fat mice have low leptin."
Term
peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions in the wall of the alimentary canal that pushes food along the tract
Term
mammal circulatory
Definition
"4 chambered, closed, double circulation"
Term
artery/vein structure
Definition
"endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue"
Term
capillary blood vessels
Definition
thin wall of simple squamous
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
"lymph capillaries, drains directly to circulatory system, composed similar to interstitial, transports fats to circulatory system, returns fluid and proteins lost in capillary to blood, filtering of lymph at lymph nodes"
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
complete digestive tract
Term
blood composition
Definition
"water, ions, plasma proteins, gases, hormones, nutrients"
Term
accesory glands
Definition
"secrete digestive juices: three pairs of salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder"
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
"lack nuclei and mitochondria, red blood cells, hemoglobin, oxygen exchange in capillaries"
Term
leukocytes
Definition
"white blood cells, fight infection"
Term
four stages of food processing
Definition
"ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination"
Term
phagocytes white blood cells
Definition
monocytes and neutrophils
Term
basophils
Definition
"inhibits blood clotting, releases heparin and histamine"
Term
sphincters
Definition
ringlike valves that close off and regulate passage of material between chambers of the heart
Term
mouth secretions
Definition
"mucin in saliva, amylase"
Term
eosinophils
Definition
"exhibit chemotaxis, hunt and kill parasites"
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
"part of immune system (B cells, T cells)"
Term
platelets
Definition
"blood clotting,pinched-off cytoplasm of larger cells in the bone marrow "
Term
stomach secretions
Definition
"HCl, pepsin"
Term
liver secretions
Definition
"bile, NaHCO3"
Term
gall bladder secretions
Definition
stores bile which aids in fat digestion
Term
pancreas secretions
Definition
"various enzymes to break down down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and NaHCO3"
Term
myeloid stem cells
Definition
all blood cells come from these
Term
lymphoid stem cells
Definition
creates lymphocytes-B cells and T cells
Term
what does the small intestine absorb?
Definition
"nutrients, salt, water, bile salts, etc."
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
" stimulates bone marrow to red blood cells, negative feedback system, higher tissue oxygen negatively affects erythropoietin production"
Term
pharynx
Definition
guides bolus into esophagus
Term
blood clotting process
Definition
"platelets (connect to collagen fibers), initial seal reinforced by fibrin"
Term
parietal cells
Definition
stomach cells which secrete HCl
Term
chief cells
Definition
stomach cells which secrete pepsinogen
Term
pepsinogen
Definition
inactive enzyme which is acid activated to pepsin
Term
pepsin
Definition
enzyme which breaks down protein and activates more pepsinogen. positive feedback
Term
acid chyme
Definition
nutrient broth which flows from stomach into intestines
Term
clotting factor
Definition
"platelets, damaged cells, plasma"
Term
how is fibrin made?
Definition
"clotting factors convert prothrombin into active thrombin, which then coverts fibrinogen to fibrin"
Term
alveoli
Definition
"cluster of air sacs in the bronchioles, epithelium serves as respiratory surface"
Term
trachea
Definition
windpipe-branches into two bronchus
Term
filtration
Definition
"selectively permeable membranes, retain proteins, hydrostatic pressure forces water and small moleculesinto excretory system;the filtrate goes into excretory tubule"
Term
reabsorption
Definition
selective transport ofwater and good solutes back into capillaries
Term
secretion
Definition
removal of unwanted solutes (excess salts and toxins)
Term
excretion
Definition
elimination of urine
Term
nephron
Definition
single long tube and a glomerulus (ball of capillaries)
Term
bowman's capsule
Definition
"surrounds glomerulus, filtration"
Term
juxtamedullary nephrons
Definition
well developed loops of henle that go into renal medulla (inner region)
Term
corticol nephrons
Definition
reduced loops of henle that stay in renal cortex (most are this type)
Term
proximal tubules
Definition
"secretion of h+ and ammonie, reabsorption of NaCl, water, nutrients etc"
Term
descending limb of loop of henle
Definition
"permeable to water, but not salt, increases NaCl concentration and osmolarity"
Term
ascending loop of henle
Definition
"impermeable to water, thin segment diffusesNaCL out, thick segment transfers salt to interstitial fluid by active transport, filtrate is becoming more dilute"
Term
distal tubule
Definition
"reabsorption of bicarbonate, water and salts but secretes potassium and H+"
Term
collecting duct
Definition
"permeable to water, as filtrate goes down the filtrate becomes more concentrated"
Term
NaCl
Definition
"responsiblefor the osmolarity gradientin the interstitial fluid, passage of filtration through this causes urine to concentrate and conserve water"
Term
urine concentration
Definition
isoosmotic as interstitial fluid at highest concentration and hyperosmotic than blood
Term
ADH
Definition
"enhance fluid retention by making kidneys take water, triggered when hypothalamus senses increase in osmolarity in blood"
Term
JGA
Definition
responds to blood pressure changes by releasing renin into blood
Term
renin
Definition
initiates conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
Term
angiotensin II
Definition
"increases blood pressure by causing arterioles to constrict, increases blood volume by telling nephrons to absorb more water and NaCl and simulates adrenal glands"
Term
aldosterone
Definition
"released by adrenal glands, makes the distal tubules reabsorb Na+ and water (when this causes blood volume increase then feedback to JGA and stops production of renin"
Term
1st line of nonspecific defense
Definition
"skin, mucous membrane, secretions of skin and mucous membranes, lysozyme"
Term
2nd line of defense
Definition
"monocytes (develop into large macrophages) and neutrophils, inflammatory response"
Term
inflammatory response
Definition
"blood increase, basophils release histamine, prostaglandins help blood flow"
Term
3rd line of defense
Definition
"specific defense, lymphocytes and antibodies"
Term
mammalians embryos
Definition
"lack polarity, remain totipotent until arranged into trophoblast and inner cell mass of blastocysts, random distribution, cleavage plane random"
Term
four main categories of tissue
Definition
"epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle"
Term
basement membrane
Definition
"beneath the cells of the epithelial layer, plays a role in cellular metabolism, filtering waste, and providing routes of migration for cells during development"
Term
inductive signals
Definition
hormone like signals produces by one group of cells that change pattern or differentiation of target group
Term
BMP4
Definition
produces the ventral side unless inhibited by nogging
Term
morphogenesis
Definition
"cytoskeleton regulates the changes in cell shape and position, wedging, inpocketing, evaginations, convergent extension"
Term
apical surface
Definition
outside surface of skin or lining of intestine
Term
basal surface
Definition
surface more inside the body
Term
tight junctions
Definition
seal fluids
Term
adherens junction
Definition
hold cells together
Term
organogenesis
Definition
"development of organs, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation"
Term
transepitheleal electrical resistance (TER)
Definition
"measures ""tightness"" of tight junctions between cells, how many ions can get through. Your mom has a low TER."
Term
simple epithelium
Definition
single layer of cells
Term
3 types of pluripotent stem cells
Definition
"embryonic stem cells (inner cell mass), embryonic germ cells (isolated from precursor to gonads in aborted fetuses), embryonic carcinoma (from teratocarinomas), tumor is gonads of fetus "
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
multiple layers of cells
Term
pseudostratified epithelium
Definition
single layer of cells but looks stratified because of varying lengths and shape of cells
Term
simple squamous epithelia
Definition
"blood vessels, thin and and leaky allows for molecule exchange"
Term
stratified squamous epithelia
Definition
skin - many layers that regenerate at basement membrane and sloughed off at free end
Term
stem cell
Definition
"after division, one cell is differentiates and one retains stem cell properties"
Term
cuboidal epithelia
Definition
"specialized for secretion - mammary gland, kidney, and hormone glands"
Term
columnar epithelia
Definition
"simple - intestines, pseudo-stratified columnar - line nasal passages, stratified - line inner surface of urinary bladder"
Term
connective tissue
Definition
"binds and supports other tissues, contains a sparse population of cells scattered throughout an ECM"
Term
blastocyst
Definition
"made of inner cell mass and trophoblast, formed 7 days after development, implants "
Term
trophoblast
Definition
"one end of blastocyst, develops into epiblast and hypoblast"
Term
epiblast
Definition
"ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm"
Term
adipose cell ECM
Definition
jelly-like
Term
hypoblast
Definition
becomes the yolk!
Term
bone cell ECM
Definition
solid web of fibers
Term
plasma ECM
Definition
liquid
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone cells that secrete an ECM into which crystals of calcium phosphate are later deposited
Term
gastrulation
Definition
"rearrangement of blastula into gastrula, formation of embryo layers"
Term
three fibers in connective tissue
Definition
"collagenous, elastic, reticular"
Term
collagenous fibers
Definition
"collagen, nonelastic rope-like bundle of fibrils, does not easily tear"
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
"collagen, thin and branched, connected to collagenous fibers, forms a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue"
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
"elastin, long threads, provides a rubbery quality"
Term
6 major types of connective tissue
Definition
"loose connective tissue, adipose tissure, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood"
Term
gray crescent
Definition
"lighter region of cytoplasm in between animal and vegetal pole, containes cytoplasmic determinants, if you lack gray crescent will end up with ""belly piece"""
Term
events following fertilization
Definition
"1) wave of calcium 2) opening of sodium ion channels 3) cortical reaction (fusion of cortical granules with plasma membrane) 4) increase in metabolism like protein synthesis, respiration and increases pH"
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
"binds epithelia to underlying tissue, packing material to hold organs in place, loose weave of fibers"
Term
fibrous connective tissue
Definition
"ligaments and tendons, dense large number of collagenous fibers in parallel bundles"
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
"secrete estrogen and P for the first three months, prevent follicle development and help growth of mammary tissue"
Term
hCG
Definition
"causes morning sickness, secreted by the placenta and acts of the corpus luteum to produce e and P, also secreted by the blastocyst"
Term
CS
Definition
chorionic somatomammotropin produced from placenta to help stimulate mammary gland growth
Term
prolactin
Definition
made from pituitary glands-targets the mammary gland
Term
ECM
Definition
constructed of polysaccharides bound to proteins (proteoglycans) and fibrous structure and adhesive proteins
Term
second trimester
Definition
"rapid growth, fetal activity, hCG declines, corpus luteum deteriorates, placenta secretes steroids to maintain pregnancy"
Term
ovary at labor
Definition
"estrogen-induces oxytoxin to receptors on uterus for contractions, stimulate placenta to make prostaglandins which make more contractions and have positive feedback on posterior pituitary to make more oxytoxin "
Term
dendrite
Definition
transmits impulses from their tips towards the rest of the neuron
Term
axon
Definition
transmits impulses toward another neuron or an effector such as a muscle
Term
three types of muscular tissue
Definition
"smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle"
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntary movements of body - striated
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
forms contractile wall of heart - striated
Term
oviduct
Definition
"site of fertilization, this is where cleavage begins"
Term
4 layers of stomach tissue (lumen to exterior)
Definition
"mucosa - secrete mucus and digestive juices, submucosa - connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves, muscalaris - smooth muscle, serosa - connective and epithelial tissue"
Term
acrosome
Definition
secretes enzymes at tip of sperm to break down zona pellucida
Term
birth control mechanisms
Definition
"-don't ovulate because gonadotropins are suppressed, progestin makes cerivial mucus thick and might interfere with implantation. basicalle maintain constant of levels of estrogen and progesterone and inhibits LH surge"
Term
TRH is produced by...
Definition
Hypothalmus (TSH releasing hormone)
Term
thecal cells
Definition
stimulated by LH and convert cholesterol to testosterone
Term
granulosa cells
Definition
convert testosterone to estrogen stimulated by the FSH
Term
negative feedback on hypothalamus by corpus luteum
Definition
e and p stop the hypothalamus from producing GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Term
TSH is produced by...
Definition
Anterior pituitary (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Term
positive feedback by granulosa cells
Definition
"high levels of estrogen act on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, this can cause the LH surge to stimulate ovulation"
Term
4 types of hormones (what they're made of)
Definition
"steroids (cholesterol), protein hormones or peptides, amines (amino acid derivatives), prostaglandins (derived from fatty acids)"
Term
selectivity of the hormone response
Definition
"presence of receptor in target cells, affinity of hormone binding to receptor, specificity of receptor interactions with intracellular components"
Term
there are ____ to ____ receptor molecules in a target cell
Definition
"2,000 to 100,000"
Term
paracrine stimulus
Definition
stimulus from neighborign cell
Term
primary oocyte surround by
Definition
"zona pellucida (protects oocyte), granulosa (inner) then thecal cells (outer)"
Term
autocrine stimulus
Definition
stimulus from same cell
Term
ovulation def.
Definition
secondary oocyte with surrounding granulosa cells leaves follicle
Term
endocrine stimulus
Definition
stimulus from endocrine system transported through circulatory system
Term
at puberty how many primary oocytes left
Definition
400000
Term
leydig cells
Definition
"convert choleterol to testosterone, stimulated by LH"
Term
sertoli
Definition
"turns testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, stimulated by FSH "
Term
seminal vesicles secrete
Definition
fructose
Term
prostate gland
Definition
"enzymes, prostaglandins, bicarbonate"
Term
bulbourethral
Definition
"mucos, bicarbonate"
Term
CRF
Definition
secreted by hypothalamus in stress response for Ap
Term
ACTH
Definition
released from ap to adrenal cortex
Term
aldosterone
Definition
"mineralocorticoid, steroid made from adrenal cortex, (retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys, increased blood volume and blood pressure)"
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
"stimulated by nerves from hypothalmus when stresses, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine"
Term
cortisol
Definition
"glucocorticoid, steroid made from adrenal cortex (breaks down fats and such to increase blood glucose, may suppress immune system)"
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
"stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary gland, produces long-term stress response corticoids"
Term
gastrin
Definition
produced at stomach wall
Term
secretin
Definition
"produced at duoenume wall, helps tell pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme"
Term
CCK
Definition
"at duodenum wall, releases bile from gall bladder and tell pancreas to release enzymes too"
Term
fat digestion
Definition
" lumen of small intestine, bile and lipase"
Term
stomach digests
Definition
proteins
Term
nucleic acid digestion
Definition
in small intestine
Term
lymph everywhere but
Definition
central nervous system and bone marrow
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