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| provides strength and support to the cell membrane |
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| Acts as a selectively permeable barrier |
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| the smallest unit of life that can live and reproduce on its own or as a multicelled organism |
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| A microscope technique that provides the greatest resolution in 3 dimensions |
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| glycosidic bonds;dehydration synthesis |
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| The bonds created between monosaccharides to form polysaccharides are known as __ and are formed by ___ |
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| Examples of Carbohydrates |
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| bilayers of phospholipids with associated proteins and carbohydrates |
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| chemical bonds are consider to be ___ |
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| speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary to initiate the reaction |
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| NADH is converted to NAD+ and H+. We would say that NADH has been_____ |
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| Converts a 6-carbon glucose to two 3-carbon pyruvates |
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| Converts two 3-carbon molecules into two 2-carbon molecules to enter the Kreb Cycle |
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| Converts Acetyl CoA into free CO2 and release ATP |
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| Where glycolysis takes place |
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-help deter predation of certain organisms by causing the organism to taste bad
-help attract pollinators by producing a pleasant smell
-help organisms compete for resources by acting as a poison to competitors
-provide protection from DNA damage |
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| Examples of Secondary Metabolites |
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| Flavonoids found in vanilla, atropine found in deadly nightshade, Beta-carotene found in carrots and flamingo feathers, streptomycin made by soil bacteria |
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| modifies, stores, and routes proteins |
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| the breakdown of a molecule into smaller components |
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| Synthesis of cellular molecules or macromolecules |
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| NH3 group on all amino acids |
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| Site of DNA and mRNA synthesis |
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| synthesizes proteins(Rough), lipids, and steroids (Smooth) |
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| group used for cellular energy storage |
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| composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bonds |
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-Composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms
-Non-polar and therefore very insoluble
in water
(Steroids, cholesterol, testosterone) |
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| Four interconnected rings of Carbon atoms |
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| Central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, and a R group |
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| Phosphate, Sugar, Base (Ribose with a U) |
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| Linear sequence of amino acids |
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| assembly of subunits into functional protein |
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| Hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone |
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| 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain |
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| Shrinking in a hypertonic solution |
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| pushes plasma membrane against cell wall |
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| plants wilt because water leaves the plant cells |
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| functions by providing the energy to drive energonic reactions |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation, Substrate-level phosphorylation, redox reactions |
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| source of energy that directly drives the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation |
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| produced mainly from plant sources |
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| a chemical reaction which uses a molecule of water to break apart another molecule |
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