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Bio 181 Final
Final exam for NCSU Mickle's Bio 181
89
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/03/2012

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Term
absorptive feeding
Definition
ex. parasites
organisms that latch on and feed through a wall.
Term
suspension feeding
Definition
use filtering mechanisms to remove food from a liquid matrix
Term
substrate feeding
Definition
live in or on their food source, eating their way through the food
Term
fluid feeders
Definition
suck nutrient rich fluids from other living organisms
Term
bulk feeders
Definition
ingest other organisms, dead or alive. (herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore)
Term
4 stages of food processing
Definition
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
Term
intracellular digestions
Definition
in cells (protist)
Term
extracellular digestion
Definition
organs, complex- may take place outside of an organism
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
tube in a bag
Term
gastrovascular cavity
Definition
bag in a bag, incomplete digestive system
Term
diffusion
Definition
high concentration- low concentration
Term
metabolism
Definition
chemical processes
Term
nutrition
Definition
taking in & utilizing food sources
Term
4 classes of essential nutrients
Definition
amino acids, vitamins, minerals, & fatty acids.
Term
adequate diet provide these three things
Definition
chemical energy, organic raw material used in biosynthesis, & essential nutrients
Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition
deficiency of complete protein, bloated belly, skin discoloration, liver enlargement
Term
5 components (including energy and raw materials)
Definition
1. carbohydrates 2.lipids 3. proteins 4. vitamins 5. minerals
Term
cellular respiration of food releases energy through the process of _______
Definition
oxidation
Term
gcal
Definition
= 1 calorie = cal
Term
kcal
Definition
= 1000 gcals = Calorie
Term
BMR
Definition
Basal Metabolic Rate= calorie intake a day that depends on energy expenditure, size, age, weight, etc.
Term
a sedentary person's bmr
Definition
500 kcal/day
Term
moderately active ppl's bmr
Definition
1000-1500 kcal/day
Term
athletic/heavy bmr
Definition
5000 kcal/ day
Term
example macronutrients
Definition
carbohydrates, phosphorus, calcium
Term
example micronutrients
Definition
vitamins, iron, zinc
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
simple & complex sugars (4kcal) stored as glycogen in ppl & starch in plants
Term
lipids
Definition
9kcal, energy, storage, insulation
Term
dissolvable fat-soluble vitamins
Definition
ADEK (vitamins that are only absorbed with fat in diet)
Term
protein
Definition
made of 20 amino acids- 8-9 are essential, 4 kcal
Term
complete source of protein
Definition
dairy, meats. have all essential amino acids
Term
incomplete protein
Definition
lacks one or more essential amino acid
Term
marasmus
Definition
calorie deficiency
Term
rickets
Definition
vit. d def. misshapen bones
Term
scurvy
Definition
vit. c def. bloated limbs
Term
anemia
Definition
blood lacks iron
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
calcium def. weakens bones
Term
high sugar
Definition
pancreas makes insulin, body cells take up sugar, prevents glucagon, & the blood sugar level is reduced
Term
low sugar
Definition
pancreas makes glucagon, liver breaks down glycogen to glucose, glucose enters blood stream, blood sugar lvl increased
Term
plant's macronutrients
Definition
NPK
Term
N
Definition
green shoots
Term
P
Definition
roots
Term
K
Definition
flowers/fruits
Term
photosynthesis makes
Definition
energy from light, CO2 & O2 from air, & water & minerals through soil
Term
transport
Definition
gasses, wastes, nutrients, and hormones
Term
transpiration
Definition
xylem- water roots to shoots
Term
translocation
Definition
phloem, both ways. nutrients & sugars
Term
closed circulatory system
Definition
vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods- blood, heart, arteries, veins
Term
open circulatory system
Definition
hemolymph, arthropods and mollusks
Term
_____ prevents backflow
Definition
valves
Term
________ carry blood toward the heart
Definition
veins
Term
veins consists of
Definition
epithelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty plaques that narrow or close the artery
Term
greatest blood pressure in the ________
Definition
arteries
Term
systole
Definition
contraction of the heart
Term
diastole
Definition
heart at rest
Term
blood pressure is measured with a ___________
Definition
sphygomanometer
Term
hypotension
Definition
low blood pressure
Term
hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
electrical activity of the heart
Definition
outside ++ | -- inside
Term
depolarization
Definition
ions enter the cells -> systole & contract
Term
repolarization
Definition
ions pumped out of the cell -> rest
Term
sinoatrial node (SA node)
Definition
right atrium, pacemaker
Term
P
Definition
atria contract, ventricles rest
Term
QRS
Definition
ventricles contract, atria relax
Term
T
Definition
heart rests
Term
fibrillation
Definition
heart contracts at random times or quivers
Term
defibrillation
Definition
shocks heart which causes all cells to contract & rest at the same time
Term
blood is a liquid ____
Definition
tissue
Term
F of red blood cells
Definition
transports O2 & CO2
Term
F of Leucocytes
Definition
immunity/defense
Term
F of platelets
Definition
blood clotting
Term
cohesion tension theory
Definition
evaporation of water through leaves pulls water up through the xylem
Term
stomata
Definition
CO2 diffuses in, H20 & 02 diffuses out
Term
sucrose enters phloem through ______trasnport
Definition
active
Term
sensor
Definition
perceives change in temp.
Term
integrator
Definition
compares set pt (what it should be) to new sense
Term
effector
Definition
returns changed temp to set pt.
Term
countercurrent heat exchange
Definition
heat exchange between artery (pumping to extremities) & veins (pumping to body)
Term
conduction
Definition
physical contact with a hard surface
Term
convection
Definition
physical contact with air or water
Term
evaporation
Definition
phase change liquid to gas
Term
radiation
Definition
not in phys. contact (warmth) ex. fire
Term
Q10 concept
Definition
higher the temp, faster a run will be. Lower, lower.
Term
role of hypothalamus
Definition
the "thermostat" for mammals
Term
Fever
Definition
the result of resetting the body's normal set point to a higher temp. Pyrogens (substances that raise temp) act on the hypothalamus.
Term
Torpor
Definition
reduce metabolism & body temp. to reduce the need for food intake. Ex. hummingbirds at night or hibernation
Term
thermogenesis
Definition
generation of internal heat by endothermic animals to moderate temp.
Term
cascade of reaction to larger cuts
Definition
platelet clotting factors+ calcium ->prothrombin ->thrombin ->fibrinogen->fibrin-> clot
= scab
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