Term
| 1. Know what gases were present in earth’s atmosphere. Which has the most, which has the least. |
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Definition
Earths early atmosphere likely contained water vapor, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia; most common gas was carbon dioxide.
-Today we have nitrogen oxygen with small amounts of carbon dioxide and trace gases.
• Nitrogen is very important. It is an indicator of life.
• Water came from volcanoes, hydrogen, rotten egg gas, Nitrogen, Water vapor is the most common thing that comes out of volcanoes.
• The majority of the water on the plant was brought In by comets.
• You need an energy source. eg lightning
• No oxygen when the earth was formed. |
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Term
| 2. Know what autocatalytic molecules are. Pg. 509 |
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Definition
| An autocatalytic set is a collection of entities, each of which can be created catalytically by other entities within the set, such that as a whole, the set is able to catalyze its own production. In this way the set as a whole is said to be autocatalytic. Autocatalytic sets were originally and most concretely defined in terms of molecular entities, but have more recently been metaphorically extended to the study of systems in sociology and economics. |
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Term
| 3. What was the first hereditary information found (RNA vs DNA) Pg. 509 |
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Definition
| RNA (it can carry genetic info and also be autocatalytic) |
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Term
| 4. Why would evolution of life switch to DNA instead of RNA. Pg. 510 |
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Definition
| because it’s more chemically stable. |
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Term
| 5. What allowed Earth’s early carbonaceous chondrites to survive, allowing for the Earth’s original source of amino acids. Pg 508 – 509 |
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Definition
Hint: Earth’s early atmosphere was dense enough to slow chondrites down
There wasn’t a lot of oxygen in the early atomosphere.
Meteors from space brought the Chondrites and the amino acids |
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Term
| 6. How can you Determine absolute dates by radiometric dates. What two? Radioactive isotopes and how they use those to date certain rocks/fossils. Pg. 512 |
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Definition
Accumulation of Daughter Isotopes
Loss of Parent Isotopes. |
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Term
| 7. What role does cyanobacteria play in Earth’s development. Pg. 516 how did it help the situation on earth. |
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Definition
Cyanobacteria contributed the most to developing the earth’s early atmosphere
2.7 billion years old and it’s photoautotrophic |
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Term
| 8. What event took place in the end of the so-called Snowball Earth period (565 million years ago). Pg 517 - 518 |
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Definition
Hint: the Cambrian explosion was near the same time as the snowball earth.
(Cambrian Explosion |
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Term
| 9. Know how far back body fossil records go. Pg. 514 figure 25.7 |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. What effects or causes does the continental land masses have when they converge? When they pull away from each other, go up or down, or collide – know the effects. Pg. 520 |
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Definition
Global Climate change
Changing of ocean currents and wind patterns
Net loss of inter-tidal zones and habitats
Extinction of many species |
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Term
| 11. In regards to morphology, how would Linnaeus classify organisms. He does not look at reproductive or homologous features – keep that in mind. |
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Definition
Linneus would have classified the Hawaiian silver swords as multiple species.
Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms based on the structure of that organisms 'outer shell' (the body shape or exoskeleton). Linnaeus classified organsims into groups. |
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Term
| 12. What would you expect of an organism with lots of hox genes (more diversity, more appendages, etc.) |
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Definition
| Hox genes are responsible for the growth of body parts, where they grow, and how big. If you have more hox genes you will be a more complex organism. |
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Term
| 13. Know the role of homeotic genes. |
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Definition
Understand the roles that different anatomical features may have.
For example: that feathers were used for warmth before they were used for flight. Or that a lung can be used as a swim bladder when fish evolve. This is called exaptation.
They control placement, organization of body parts, changes in morphology. Pg. 526 |
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Term
| 14. Understand the roles different anatomy features have. Exaptation |
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Definition
| -Exaptation-When a body part is utilized for a new purpose than it was before. |
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Term
| 15. Understanding the different roles anatomic features may have. 14 and 15 are similar. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. Know why plants, fungi, prokaryotes, are placed in different taxa Pg 557 |
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Definition
Answer: their cell walls are made of different stuff.
The three organisms' cell walls evolved independently. |
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Term
17. Where is peptidoglycan most commonly found? Think of bacteria (gram-negative, gram-positive).
Dog=Bacteria=__= cell____ |
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Definition
| Gram + bacterial cell walls. |
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Term
| 18. What is plasmolysis? Think Hypo |
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Definition
| When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to loss of water. |
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Term
| 19. What are the unique characteristics of endospores? Pg. 560. |
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Definition
They can survive harsh climates for long periods of time. BUT endospores are NOT present in all bacteria.
Endo meaning inside and Spore - Like a Seed for good preservation. |
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Term
20. Understand and know what structures/processes are involved in conjugation
Think Conjugal visit. |
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Definition
| Answer: sex pili and stuff. |
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Term
21. Know what is produced by the cell wall by a gram-negative species. Pg. 558.
When you have a bacteria in you it produces _______ from the bacteria cell wall. |
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Definition
| Endotoxin. Reference page 558 |
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Term
22. Characteristics of cyanobacteria. Photoautotrophics, nitrogen fixation, only prokaryote that is a photoautotroph. Pg. 589, 564.
Cyanobacteria- Green Blue ____ get there energy from _________ |
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Definition
Photoautotrophic (photosynthesis)
Nitrogen fixation
Cyanobacteria (/saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəriə/), also known as blue-green bacteria, blue-green algae, and Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.[3] The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue).
Photoautotrophic: Gk: photo = light, auto = self, troph = nourishment |
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Term
| 23. What does a prokaryote that protects an enzyme from oxygen? Pg. 564 |
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Definition
Capsules
Obligate Anaerobes-Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of these are killed by oxygen.
Word origin: obligate » Latin obligātus (ptp. of obligāre), to bind + anaerobe » an- from Gk., "not, without," + Greek āero-, from āēr, air. |
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Term
| 24. What is horizontal gene transfer? |
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Definition
The mitochondria get a lot of there genes from the human chromosome.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also lateral gene transfer (LGT) or transposition refers to the transfer of genetic material between organisms other than vertical gene transfer. Vertical transfer occurs when there is gene exchange from the parental generation to the offspring. LGT is then a mechanism of gene exchange that happens independently of reproduction.
Horizontal gene transfer is the primary reason for bacterial antibiotic resistance [1][2][3][4] and in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides.[5] This horizontal gene transfer often involves plasmids. |
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Term
25. Characteristics of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan. Pg 566.
The opposite of dog+ bacteria |
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Definition
Characteristics of bacteria lacking peptidoglycan (archae).
They have an optimal pH that is less than 7.0, so they like an acidic environment.
Could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs. So they are extremophiles that can survive in extremely hot temperatures. |
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Term
26. Know and understand why prokaryotes have been so successful on their own.
4 things
They are _____
The are able to re_____ quickly
More ____ Habitat and Met______ |
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Definition
Large Biomass
They reproduce quickly
More diverse habitat
More diverse metabolism |
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Term
| 27. What is the danger of overprescribing antibiotics. |
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Definition
| Bacteria will evolve bacterial resistance. |
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Term
| 28. Know how intestinal bacteria play a role in our nutritional absorption. |
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Definition
| It breaks down the food with Hydrochloric acid |
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Term
29. Are protists 1. eukaryotic.
2. Prokaryotic |
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Definition
protists are eukaryotic.
They have a little mouth and a Anal opening |
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Term
| 30. What are evidences of endosymbiotic organisms. Pg. 578 |
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Definition
Mitochondria
Chlorophyll
The endosymbiotic theory argues that mitochondria, plastids (e.g. chloroplasts), and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells, originate through symbiosis between multiple micro-organisms. According to this theory, certain organelles originated as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell as endosymbionts. Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria (in particular, Rickettsiales, the SAR11 clade,[1][2] or close relatives) and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria. |
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Term
31. What a mixotroph is. What allows them to survive. 582
It is a Mix between ____ and ______ |
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Definition
| They combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. So if a myxotroph loses its pastids it can still survive by eating other organisms. Myxotrophs survive by phagocytosis and absorption. |
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Term
32. What are plasmodium and trypsam. Why are humans so susceptible to them. 581 and 584
They change there _ _ _ of surface _____ |
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Definition
| They can evade the human immune system by changing their surface proteins. |
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Term
33. What are dinoflagellates. Pg. 582.
Think of where the Dino's came from all of the Red Stuff in the sea
Think of Patrick. |
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Definition
They make the red tide
Have 2 flagella
Walls composed of cellulose plates
Many types contain chlorophyll. |
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Term
34. What are cilliates . Pg. 584.
They use _ _ _ _ _ for motion
They are _____ organisms
They live in _____ water
They have _ or more Nuclei |
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Definition
Use cilia for locomotion
They are complex organisms
Primarily live in fresh water
Have 2 or more nuclei. |
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Term
| 35. Understand what convergent evolution is taking place between the water molds and the Hyphae. They have each separately come to use ____ to Decompose solid food sources |
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Definition
Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.
The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action. Flying insects, birds, and bats have all evolved the capacity of flight independently. They have "converged" on this useful trait.
because both groups form colonies of filamentous hyphae that invade and decompose solid food sources. |
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Term
| 36. Irish potato famine – what caused it. |
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Definition
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Term
37. What is cillia, and where is it found the most. Pg. 585
Think of white |
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Definition
| Marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells. |
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Term
| 38. Know what pheromones are. Pg. 589 |
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Definition
| A chemical secreted by an animal, especially an insect, that influences the behavior or development of others of the same species, often functioning as an attractant of the opposite sex. |
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Term
| 39. Know how colors are projected and how that might apply to algae. Pg. 590 |
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Definition
Why do red algae appear red?
Because they have pigment that reflects red light and absorbs blue light. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest sea weeds belong to the brown algae. |
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Term
| 41. Know the main points about protists. Pg. 595 and 594. |
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Definition
All eukaryotes. (What does this mean?)
• Majority are unicellular, some are
multicellular.
–Example of mulicellular – Volvox globator
• Lives in a colony
–Some will have chloroplasts |
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Term
| 42. Know the general characteristics of fungi. What they do, how they absorb food, how they produce. Pg 636 |
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Definition
Answer: They are decomposers. Reference page 636.
They absorb nutrients.
1] Eukaryotic - fungal cells have membrane bound nuclei and organelles
[2] Heterotrophic - they must absorb organic carboniferous material to grow and survive, unlike plants which only need inorganic carbon (CO2) and sunlight to "eat" |
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Term
43. Know the exoenzymes. Pg. 636
Out side Enzymes that ____ Stuff |
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Definition
Answer: They decompose stuff. Reference page 636
An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and that works outside of that cell. It is usually used for breaking up large molecules that would not be able to enter the cell otherwise.
This term is also often used to refer to the hydrolytic digestive enzymes secreted by fungi. |
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Term
44. Know what groups or phyla that have protective chitin shells. Pg. 637
Think of earwigs and |
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Definition
| Fungi and Arthropods both use chitin for their shells and external coverings |
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Term
| 45. Know what hyphae is as it pertains to fungi. Pg 637 |
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Definition
| They are involved in nutrient absorption. Reference page 637 |
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Term
| 46. Know what pheromones are and the roles they play. Pg. 639 |
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Definition
They are secreted outside the body.
All animals have pheremones. |
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Term
47. Know what chytridiomycota is. Pg. 641
Long name so it is ___ |
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Definition
| This is the phylum that contains organisms that most closely resemble the ancient fungi. |
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Term
48. Know what a zygomycota is. Pg. 643
You have have go be a Zygo to feed off other plants. |
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Definition
| Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a phylum of fungi. The name comes from zygosporangia, where resistant spherical spores are formed during sexual reproduction. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants.[1] Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. |
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Term
| 49. Know examples of basidiomycota. Pg. 646 |
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Definition
| Contains fungi, puff balls, toadstools, mushrooms, and fairy rings. |
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Term
50. Know what arbusculay mycorrhiza are and what phyla forms them. Pg. 638
AKA- _ _ fungi
They help the Plant how. |
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Definition
An arbuscular mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, aka AM Fungi) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) are characterized by the formation of unique structures such as arbuscules and vesicles by fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota (AM fungi). AM fungi (AMF) help plants to capture nutrients such as phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and micronutrients from the soil. It is believed that the development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants and in the evolution of the vascular plants. |
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Term
51 – 53: Know what mycelium is and how it pertains to time and location. Also know mycelium’s relation to fungal enzymes. Pg. 637
It is the Fungal enzymes that help absorb ____ from the environment
Mycelium is the ____ of the Mushroom
My Ceiling - i build the floor. |
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Definition
Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The mass of hyphae is sometimes called shiro, especially within the fairy ring fungi. Fungal colonies composed of mycelia are found in soil and on or within many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a homokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible homokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or it may be extensive:
It is through the mycelium that a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environmen |
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Term
| Know the growth pattern of mycelium and how it relates to skin mycosis |
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Definition
| They are both rings like Fairy Rings or Ring worms |
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Term
Know what lychens are. Pg. 649
They are a ____ of two |
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Definition
| A fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes, that grows symbiotically with algae, resulting in a composite organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocks or tree trunks. |
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Term
What do fungi provide for lychens and mycorrhiza. Pg. 649 and 638
Fungi give ____ ___
Algal Partner Produce ____ ____ _____ |
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Definition
| The fungi partner supplies the water and nutrients and the algal partner produces sugar, oxygen and can fix nitrogen. The photosynthetic partner algae may be a bacteria such as cyanobacteria or blue green algae, or a plant such as green algae. They are usually classed as members of the fungi kingdom. |
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Term
| . Know what mutualism means. Pg. 520 |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the role of mycorrhiza in plant development. Pg. 638 |
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Definition
AM gives the plant all of its Nutrition through Hyphae
Root systems of most land plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses in the field, and these contribute to nutrient uptake. AM roots have two pathways for nutrient absorption, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces |
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Term
Know what endophytes are. Pg. 648
Endo means inside
Phytes means it Fights its way inside. |
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Definition
| An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all the species of plants studied to date; however, most of these endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Many economically important forage and turfgrasses (e.g., Festuca spp., Lolium spp.) carry fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium spp.) which may improve the ability of these grasses to tolerate abiotic stresses such as drought, as well as improve their resistance to insect and mammalian herbivores.[1] |
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Term
| 47 – 49 will be in his other tests |
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Definition
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Term
Know what lichens are. Reference page 649
They dont take showers so they are covered in ____ and have ____ in there mouth. |
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Definition
| A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. Some lichens are formed of three or more partners. The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria. |
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Term
| The example that will be used is the association of roots and fungi. |
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Definition
| They help each other survive. |
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Term
Know the role of mycorrhizae and plant development. Reference page 638
My Core is a Root |
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Definition
| They fix nitrogen from the atmosphere which helps plants to grow LARGER. |
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Term
| What would happen if the mycorrhizae were taken away, |
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Definition
| then most vascular plants would be stunted in their GROWTH. |
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