Genus is first and capitalized. Species is always lowercase. Italicized (or underlined if writing)

Example: Homo sapiens

1. Species are more or less unchanging.

2. Can be characterized or represented by a "type specimen" (typical member of that species that can be described and possesses essential features of the species. Problem: Aren't all organisms variable in traits?

A species is an interbreeding population of individuals having common descent and sharing intergrading (common geographical areas).

Problems: What about past populations? What about asexual reproduction?

1. single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations

2. Maintains its identity from other lineages.

3. Has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.

1. Basal grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings.

2. Has a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

5 kingdoms:

1. Monerans: Prokaryotes (unicellular creatures without a nucleus). Also called Prokaryota

2. Protista: protists (unicellular or multicellular without specialized tissues)

3. Plantae: Plants (cell wall made of cellulose)

4. Fungi: Fungus (cell walls made of chitin)

5. Animalia: Animals (mostly multicellular)

Characteristics:

1. cleavage mostly radial

2. endomesoderm from enterocoelus pouching (except chordates).

3. All coelomate, coelom from fusion of entercoelus pouches (except chordates again)

4. Anus forms from or near plastophore, mouth a new formation.

5. Embryology usually indeterminate (regulative)

Phyla: Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

1. Cleavage mostly spiral

2. Endomesoderm usually from a particular blastomere designated 4d

3. In coelomate protostomes, coelom forms as a split in mesodermal bands (schizocoelus).

4. Mouth forms near blastopore; anus is new formation

5. Embryology mostly determinate (mosaic).

Phyla: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, and a few others.

1. Mesoderm fills blastocoel

2. Becomes ectoderm on outside

3. mesoderm fills inside

4. endoderm becomes ring surrounding gut cavity.

Has mesodermal organs.

Ectoderm: outermost layer. Becomes skin, neural tissue, central nervous system, etc.

Mesoderm: middle germ layer. Forms skeletons, skeletal muscles, connective tissue, urogenital system, heart, blood, etc.

Endoderm: Innermost germ layer. Forms digestive organs, parts of the urinary system, pharynx, lungs, etc.

how do developmental patterns determine body plans?

(By development pattern; figures 9.03 and 9.04)

1. No gut, no germ layers: Porifera (sponges)
2. Diploblastic: No mesoderm created. Blind gut (sea anemones) or complete gut (jellyfish)
3. Triploblastic: spiral cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
   1. Acoelomate: mesoderm fills blastocoel. Blind gut (Planaria) or complete gut (flatworms) 
   2. Pseudocoelomate: Mesoderm lines outer edge of blastocoel. No gut (nematode) or complete gut (rotifer).
   3. Coelomate Lophotrochozoan Protostome: Mesoderm band fills blastocoel. Coelom opens in mesoderm via schizocoely. Only complete gut (any protostome) 
   4. Coelomate Deuterostome: Develops differently than other 3. Radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus. Mesoderm and coelom form together by enterocoely (modified in vertebrates). Only complete gut (us!)

See fig 9.06 (http://picasaweb.google.com/103908867571308044400/Bio160#5471607956637227538)

Be able to describe different features of each group

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primata

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Species: Homo sapiens

1. Mesoderm lines one side of the blastocoel.

2. Ectoderm outside, layer of mesoderm (becomes muscle) attached to that.

3. Open space is pseudocoelom

4. Still has central ring of endoderm with gut cavity inside (whole arrangement simply called the gut).

5. Has mesodermal organs

1. Band of mesoderm surrounds gut and then splits open.

2. Ectoderm outside. Mesoderm attached to it becomes mesodermal peritoneum.

3. Mesodermal organs attached to and surrounded by mesodermal peritoneum.

4. Open space is coelum.

5. Gut (ring of endoderm and open space inside) surrounded by mesoderm that becomes mesentery. Mesentary forms line from mesodermal peritoneum to the gut.

Early mesodermal cells are much higher up on the endodermal inpocketing than for the other body plans.

1. Early mesodermal cells outpocket perpendicularly to the endoderm. Makes a cloverleaf shape.

2. Mesodermal pouch surrounds gut.

3. Final body plan looks like schizocoelus plan.