Term
| biologists hypothesize that the earliest eukaryotes were probably ______. |
|
Definition
| single celled organisms with a nucleus and endomembrane system, mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton, but no cell wall |
|
|
Term
| all eukaryotes alive today have 3 things |
|
Definition
1. a nucleus and endomembrane system
2. mitochondria or genes that are normally found in mitochondria
3. a cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| the leading hypothesis to explain the origin of the nuclear envelope is based on ____ |
|
Definition
| infoldings of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| two lines of evidence support the infolding hypothesis |
|
Definition
1. infolding of the plasma membrane occur in some bacteria living today
2. the nuclear envelope and ER of today's eukaryotes are continuous |
|
|
Term
| the endosymbiosis theory proposes that ____ |
|
Definition
| mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside a eukaryote about 2 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
| mitochondria are organelles that generate ___ using ___ as an electron donor and ___ as the ultimate electron acceptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is said to occur when individuals of two different species live in physical contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endosymbiosis occurs when ____ |
|
Definition
| an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another species |
|
|
Term
| in its current form, the endosymbiosis theory proposes that mitochondria evolved through a series of steps, beginning with ___ |
|
Definition
| a eukaryotic cell that was capable only of anaerobic fermentation - meaning it could not use oxygen as an electron acceptor in cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| 3 major evolutionary developments of eukaryotes |
|
Definition
1. nuclear envelope
2. endosymbiosis theory
3. multicellularity |
|
|
Term
| ___: two organisms living together, one inside the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: allows organisms to get bigger and diversify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 branches in the diversification of terrestrial plants |
|
Definition
1. bryophytes
2. ferns, mosses
3. gymnosperms
4. angiosperms |
|
|
Term
| ___: multiple, variable forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current estimates are that there are ___ different eukaryotic species identified with ____ still unknown |
|
Definition
| 1.8 million; another 10 million or more |
|
|
Term
| 99.9% of life forms are ___; most species ____ |
|
Definition
| are now extinct; failed at attempts to survive |
|
|
Term
| ___: the death of all members of a species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 features allowed eukaryotes to diversify? |
|
Definition
1. development of the nuclear envelope
2. endosymbiosis of mitochondria
3. multicellularity |
|
|
Term
| ___ happens within the nuclear envelope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eukaryotes are ____ with ____ |
|
Definition
| living organisms; defining features |
|
|
Term
| first eukaryotes were ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ allowed for greater diversification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| history of eukaryotic diversity; about ___ years ago; ____ organs |
|
Definition
| 500 million; multicellular |
|
|
Term
| advantages of eukaryotes for living in water |
|
Definition
1. buoyancy (effects of gravity and weight are not a problem)
2. water is abundant
3. reproduction via mobile sperm and eggs work |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of living in water |
|
Definition
1. light doesn't penetrate water well, so organisms that need light must stay near the surface.
2. nutrients and gasses are in relatively low abundance in water
3. lots of predators and competition around |
|
|
Term
| eukaryotes began moving on land around ____ years ago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants made the jump onto land ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first plants to make landfall were believed to be ___, and from this ___ |
|
Definition
| green algae; 4 lineages arose from this group |
|
|
Term
| ___ were the first eukaryotes to make landfall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why didn't animals move onto land first? |
|
Definition
| plants were autotrophic/phototrophic and could make their own food |
|
|
Term
| green plants acquired ___ around 700 million years ago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____: a heritable trait (ability or structure) that enhances the fitness of an individual to survive in a particular environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an adaptation, the trait is ___, is does not ____ |
|
Definition
| already present; develop as a response to the environment |
|
|
Term
| the first plants to make landfall already had chloroplasts which allowed them to ____ |
|
Definition
| capture light + CO2 and make sugars |
|
|
Term
| the first plants to make landfall already had ___ lineages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 challenges that were overcome as plants moved onto land |
|
Definition
1. avoid, minimize water loss
2. modify reproductive strategies
3. fight gravity
4. circulate materieals |
|
|
Term
| first plants to make landfall were the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bryophytes were able to make it to ___ but _____ |
|
Definition
| the water's edge; not much farther |
|
|
Term
| a ___ helped these first plants minimize water loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ helped plants to allow gases to enter and exit from the cuticle |
|
Definition
| thousands of tiny little holes |
|
|
Term
| the reproductive strategy of plants is termed _____ |
|
Definition
| alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
| explain alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| a sporophyte (2N) releases spores (1N) which become gametophytes which release gametes (1N sperm and eggs) which combine to form a zygote (2N) which turns into a sporophyte |
|
|
Term
| ___ were modified when plants moved on land; how? |
|
Definition
| spores; spores were encapsulated |
|
|
Term
| when plants made landfall; ____ were created on the gamtophytes |
|
Definition
| specific reproductive organs |
|
|
Term
| mature plant body is named after ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 ways in which the bryophytes modified reproductive strategies |
|
Definition
1) encapsulated spores to prevent water loss
2) build gametangia - protect gametes
3) retained eggs, sporophyte growth off of existing gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| 3 big challenges for movement of plants onto land |
|
Definition
1) any group that could stiffen up and provide support to grow larger
2) move water from one location (soil) to another (leaves)
3) modify reproductive strategy so not dependent on water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acheive all 3 of the previous statements |
|
|
Term
| ___ appeared on land around 400 mya and dominated the landscape for around 100 million years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ferns are made up of what 3 different plant lineages |
|
Definition
1. ferns
2. club mosses
3. horsetails |
|
|
Term
| 2 Adaptations that helped ferns survive on land |
|
Definition
1) fighting gravity and circulating materials
2) lignin and cellulose deposited into cell walls |
|
|
Term
| ferns had ___ made from ___ |
|
Definition
| vascular tissue; tracheids |
|
|
Term
| tracheids are ___ and have ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ferns, the vascular tissue is only present in the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ferns could ____ but still had ___ |
|
Definition
| stiffen up and move water from one location to another; swimming sperm |
|
|
Term
| ferns could do what two things? |
|
Definition
1. stiffen up (provide support to grow larger)
2. move water from one location (soil) to another (leaves) |
|
|
Term
| ferns did not have ___; still had ___ |
|
Definition
| a modified reproductive system; swimming sperm |
|
|
Term
| ferns were limited to ___ environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the next group of terrestrial plants to make landfall was the ___; around ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two advantages did gymnosperms have over club mosses and ferns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the gymnosperm pollen had a minimal ____; shifts emphasis to ___; |
|
Definition
| gametophyte stage; sporophyte generation |
|
|
Term
| at this moment in time; only ___ had vascular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gymnosperm seeds had a ___; and the seeds were ____ |
|
Definition
| seed coat; pumped with nutrients to increase survival if fertilized |
|
|
Term
| the ___ protected the seed and kept it from dehydration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gymnosperms also thickened up the ___, which caused ____, and helped to minimize ____ |
|
Definition
| cuticle; waxy needles; water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to fight gravity, gymnosperms had ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vessel elements of gymnosperms are ___ and have ___ as well as ____ |
|
Definition
| short and wide; perforations; pits |
|
|
Term
| gymnosperms have thickened ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gymnosperms include ___, ___, ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lineage of terrestrial plants dominate the landscape right now? |
|
Definition
| angiosperms (in the sporophyte stage) |
|
|
Term
| angiosperms are ___ plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiosperms have greatly modified ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flower is a reproductive organ with ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiosperms have a way to further protect the egg with the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some angiosperms have a ___ and ____ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiosperms still used ___ and still have ___ generation |
|
Definition
| pollen; sporophyte dominant generation |
|
|
Term
| the angiosperms had ___ male and female gametophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in angiosperms, the egg is protected by ___, which is a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiosperms developed ___, which are part of the ___; in order to provide sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can attract animals in order to use them to transport pollen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant Groups Vascular Tissue Seeds |
|
Definition
1. bryophytes no no
2. ferns yes no
3. gymnosperms yes yes
4. angiosperms yes yes |
|
|
Term
| around 500mya, the first plants made landfall, these were ___, they were ___ and had ___; they also had a primary ___ |
|
Definition
| green algae; photosynthetic; chloroplast; cuticle |
|
|
Term
| after green algae, the next group to make landfall around 475 mya were the ____, they had ___, ___, and a ___ |
|
Definition
| bryophytes; respiratory parts; chloroplast; cuticle |
|
|
Term
| around 400mya, the next group of plants to make landfall were the ___; they had ___ in the form of ___; ___ and ___ helped them overcome gravity; and the plants became more ____ |
|
Definition
| ferns; vascular tissue; tracheids; lignin; cellulose; sporophyte dominant |
|
|
Term
| around 300 mya the ___ made landfall; they had ___ and improved ___ (___), along with ___ for reproduction |
|
Definition
| gymnosperms; seeds; vascular tissue (vessel elements), pollen |
|
|
Term
| around 150mya, the ___ made landfall; they had ___, and they protected the egg in the ___, all of this helped to increase ____ |
|
Definition
| angiosperms; flowers; ovule; increase dispersion |
|
|
Term
| three examples on how to classify an organism |
|
Definition
| dna (genome), how it survives in its environment, how it reproduces |
|
|
Term
| ___: used to describe/identify the origin and evolutionary changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and ___ have taken understanding to a new level |
|
Definition
| DNA and molecular technology |
|
|
Term
| fossil record is very limited prior to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rapid diversification around ___ during the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during this rapid diversification era; ___ was first observed in the fossil record |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by about ___; the first animals appeared in the fossil record |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early acquatic animals had what 3 traits |
|
Definition
1. multicellularity
2. acquire food by ingestion (most)
3. extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| ___: process of bringing food and nutrients into the body for absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: organisms that rely on other organisms for food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: helps to keep cells together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the plant equivalent structure to the animals extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early aquatic animals were limited to ___ life; there were no ____ on land yet; ___ were present (pre-dates plants) |
|
Definition
| oceanic life; plants or other animals; tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ tissue are related and are found in most animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both plants and animals have evolved ___ and ___, but only animals have ___ and ___ tissue |
|
Definition
| connective and epithelial tissues; muscle and nervous |
|
|
Term
| what was the advantage of multicellularity? |
|
Definition
| cells could now specialize and could now grow bigger to diversify |
|
|
Term
| are all eukaryotes multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are all eukaryotes multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 things that allowed eukaryotes to diversify |
|
Definition
1) development of nuclear membrane
2) endosymbiosis and mitochondria
3) multicellularity |
|
|
Term
| ___ are unlike other animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponges are the only animals groups withou ___ or ___ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sponges do not have all ___ tissue types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early acquatic animals; by about ___mya animals showed ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of symmetry are ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of animals with radial symmetry |
|
Definition
| hydra and octopus and hydra |
|
|
Term
radial symmetry:
- ____ would be identical through ____
- ___ and ___ present
- no ___ or ___
- has more than one ___ |
|
Definition
- two halves; several planes
- top (anterior) and bottom (posterior)
- no front (ventral) or back (dorsal)
- plane of symmetry |
|
|
Term
| animals with radial symmetry tend to have an evenly dispersed ____ for nervous system and poor ____ systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many animals with radial symmetry do not have ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radial symmetry is a design advantage when ___ comes from ____ |
|
Definition
| food; multiple directions at a time |
|
|
Term
top/head:
bottom/tail:
front/belly:
back: |
|
Definition
anterior
posterior
ventral
dorsal |
|
|
Term
bilateral symmetry:
- ___ and ___ present
- ___ and ___ also present
- animals in this category tend to be __ |
|
Definition
- anterior and posterior
- ventral and dorsal
- mobile |
|
|
Term
| bilateral symmetry is a design advantage when __ comes from ___ |
|
Definition
| food or threat; one direction |
|
|
Term
| animals with bilateral symmetry tend to have a cns that is a ___ and a more sophisticated ____ |
|
Definition
| nerve cluster (brain); musculature system |
|
|
Term
| three examples of non bilateral animals |
|
Definition
porifera (sponges)
cnidaria (jellies)
ctenophora (comb jellies) |
|
|
Term
animals are ___ (all in the same evolutionary group) and all of them share three traits:
1. ___
2. ___: they ingest their food
3. they move ___ at some point in their life cycle |
|
Definition
monophyletic
1. multicellularity
2. heterotrophy
3. under their own power |
|
|
Term
all animals except sponges also have:
1. ___ called ___ that transmit electrical signals to other cells
2. ___ that can change the shape of the body by contracting |
|
Definition
1. nerve cells; neurons
2. muscle cells |
|
|
Term
the origin and early evoulution of animals was based on four aspects of the fundamental architecture, or body plan, of animals:
1. number of ___ layers
2. type of body ___ and degree of ___ (formation of a head region)
3. presence or absence of a ___ cavity
4. how the earliest events of ___ development proceed |
|
Definition
1. embryonic tissue
2. symmetry; cephalization
3. fluid filled body cavity
4. embryo |
|
|
Term
| ___ can seperate animals into different groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
symmetry of the body is related to ___
- radial symmetry = ___
- bilateral symmetry = ___ |
|
Definition
embryonic tissues
- diploblastic
- triploblastic |
|
|
Term
| a zygote leads to early ___ which leads to a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diploblastic contain and ___ and ___ in the blastula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
diploblastic
- endoderm gives rise to ____,___,___
- ectoderm gives rise to ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
- lining of digestive system, liver, and other organs
- skin, CNS (some animals) |
|
|
Term
| three layers in triploblastic are ___, ___, ___ |
|
Definition
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| most triploblastic show ___ symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for triploblastic
endoderm: ___
ectoderm: ___, ___
mesoderm: ___, ____ |
|
Definition
ectoderm: skin, nervou
endoderm: gut
mesoderm: muscles, organs |
|
|
Term
| amongst triploblastic animals with bilateral symmetry, animals further diversify into those with body cavities present (___) and those with no body cavity (___) |
|
Definition
(ceolomates)
(acoelomates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body cavities present
no body cavity |
|
|
Term
coelom
- ___ cavity that allowed for development of:
--circulation of ___ and ___
-- ___
-- seperation of ___ from individual ___ |
|
Definition
fluid filled
--nutrients and gases
--movement
--surface movement; organs moving |
|
|
Term
acoelomates have no enclosed ___, no ___
- very ___ in this category |
|
Definition
body cavity; coelom
- few animals remaining |
|
|
Term
| coelomates have an enclosed body cavity completely lined with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coelomates can be further divided based on development of ___ into ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| digestive tract; protostomes; deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
| protostomes: ___ forms first, ___ forms seperately from digestive cavity lining; pore becomes ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deuterostomes; ___ forms as outgrowth of digestive cavity lining; ___ forms first (humans); pore becomes ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more animals are ___ than ____ |
|
Definition
| protostomes; deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
| most of these features were in place by the time plants made landfall around ___mya |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals are ___, ___ eukaryotes that lack ___ and ___ their prey |
|
Definition
| multicellular; heterotrophic; cell walls; ingest |
|
|
Term
___ (sponges)
- most ___ version of animals
_ ___: bottom dwelling
- body plan: system of ___ and ___ that create channels for ___
- most are ____
- some sponges have ___, but all lack ___ and ___ tissues
- no true ___ |
|
Definition
porifera
- ancesterous
- benthic
- tubes and pores; water currents
- asymmetrical
- epithelial cells; muscle and nervous
- tissues |
|
|
Term
___ (jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids)
- mostly ___
- ___ symmetric
- ___ with ectoderm and endoderm layers that sandwich a gelatinous layer called ___ |
|
Definition
cnidaria
- marine
-radially
- diploblasts; mesoglea |
|
|
Term
___ (sponges)
- are provided structural support by ___, ___, or ____
- most are ____ feeders
- adult sponges are ___ (attached to surface), but larvae are ___
- most reproduction is ___ |
|
Definition
porifera
-spicules, stiff spikes of silica, calcium carbonate
-filter
- sessile; motile
- asexual |
|
|
Term
cnidaria
- __ opening; ___ cavity
- large ___ |
|
Definition
-one; gastroventricular
- nerve net |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic Cnidaria: ___, ___ style |
|
Definition
| metamorphosis; reproduction |
|
|
Term
___ (comb jellies)
- only about ___ identified
- most are ___
- instead of toxins, their tentacles have cells containing ___, which ___
- adults move by ___ |
|
Definition
Ctenophora
- 100 species
- plankton predators
- adhesive; traps the prey
- beating comb-like rows of cilia |
|
|
Term
| There are two major groups of bilaterally symmetric, triploblastic, coelomate animals. |
|
Definition
1. protostomes
2. deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 main groups of lophotrochozoans |
|
Definition
1. molluses
2. annelids
3. flatworms
4. rotiters |
|
|
Term
lophotrochozoans have:
- a feeding structure called a ___
- a type of larva called a ___
-- not all have, but most do |
|
Definition
- lophophore
- trochophore |
|
|
Term
lophophores function in ___ in adults
- specialized structure that ___ of these animals and functions in ___ |
|
Definition
suspension feeding
- rings the mouth; suspension feeding |
|
|
Term
| ___: a type of larva common to several phyla of lophotrochozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trochophore larvae ___ and may ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lophotrochozoans grow ___ by ___ |
|
Definition
| incrementally; adding on to what is already there |
|
|
Term
| 4 major challenges plants faced as the transitioned on to land |
|
Definition
1. water loss
2. gravity
3. reproduction
4. circulation |
|
|
Term
| when these animal groups transitioned on to land, they already had ___, ___, ___, etc. |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, appendages |
|
|
Term
| 3 identifying features of lochotrophozoans |
|
Definition
1. incremental growth
2. lophophore
3. trochophore larvae |
|
|
Term
| 3 features of ecdysozoans |
|
Definition
1. molting: shedding of exoskeleton and growth into new one
2. cuticle or exoskeleton
3. most have segmented bodies |
|
|
Term
ecdysozoans: ____
- include spiders, ticks, scorpions, shrimp, etc.
- members of this group are known for __
-- ___ along the length of the body
- ___ skeleton
- ___: CNS region near anterior end of the body
- ___ eyes
- they are ___, but they have a reduced ___ |
|
Definition
arthropoda
-
- segmented bodies
--repeating structures
- jointed
- cephalization
- compound
- ceoleates; ceolum |
|
|
Term
| 3 major groups within arthropods |
|
Definition
1. insecta
2. crustaceans
3. chelicerata |
|
|
Term
| a defining feature of deuterostome: ___ |
|
Definition
| the coelum forms from mesoderm |
|
|
Term
insects
- __ legs; ___ wings
-- capacity for ___
- ___: radical change in body plan, usually between juvenile and adult
--___: often worm shaped
--___: non-feeding stage
- life cycle: |
|
Definition
- 3 pair legs; 2 pair wings
-- capacity for flight
- metamorphosis
--larva
--pupa
- egg > larva > pupa > adult |
|
|
Term
___ (crabs, lobster, barnicles, roly-poly)
-two key features
1. ___: hardened exoskeleton that covers cephalothorax
2. ___ body with ___ |
|
Definition
crustaceans
1. carapice
2. segmented; 2 tagmata |
|
|
Term
___ (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs)
- closest living relative of the ___
- ___ pairs of appendages
- 2 ___
- ___: a pair of specialized appendages near the mouth |
|
Definition
chelicerata
- crusaceans
- 6
- tagmata
- chelicerae |
|
|
Term
deuterostomes
1. coelom derived from ___
2. 1st cavity opening gives rise to ___ |
|
Definition
1. outpocket of digestive tract walls/lining
2. anus |
|
|
Term
deuterostomes
1. ___ (starfish)
2. ___ (humans are part of this group) |
|
Definition
1. echinodermata
2. chordata |
|
|
Term
echinodermata
- exclusively ___
- includes __, __, __ and ___
- first animal group thus far to have an ___ |
|
Definition
- marine
- sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea stars, and brittle stars
- endoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| echinoderm larvae are ___ symmetric; while adult echinoderms are ___ symmetric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
echinoderms have a ___ that functions in movement, respiration, and capturing food
- unique to echinoderms |
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Definition
|
|
Term
___ project from underside of the echinoderm body
- many muscular ___, each ending in a __ |
|
Definition
podia
- tube feet; suction cup |
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|
Term
| chordates include ___ and their closest relatives |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 4 unifying features of chordates |
|
Definition
1. notochord
2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. post-anal tail
4.pharyngeal slits/pouches |
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|
Term
| ___: long flexible rod found in all chordate embryos and some adult forms |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___: develops from ectoderm that rolls into a tube, gives rise to cns |
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Definition
| dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
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Term
| ___: muscular extension that assists with forward movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___: pouches form along the throat with slits; allows material to exit the body without going through the entire digestive tube/tract |
|
Definition
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|
Term
vertebrates: 2 unifying features
1.
2. |
|
Definition
1. structure that surrounds brain (cranium)
2. spinal cord (vertebrae) |
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|
Term
| 7 characteristics of living organisms |
|
Definition
1. reproduction
2. cell (1 or more)
3. energy
4. ability to adapt
5. grow
6. acquire nutrients
7. complex and organized |
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|
Term
living organisms are composed of ___
- ___: composed of only one cell
- ___: composed of many cells |
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Definition
one or more cells
- single cell organisms
- multicellular organisms |
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|
Term
living organisms are ___ and ___
- must be able to ___ from ___ |
|
Definition
organized and complex
- construct complex structures from simple raw ingrediants |
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|
Term
living things must be able to ___ and use ___
- living organisms take in ___ to use for ___ |
|
Definition
acquire; energy
- energy and nutrients; maintenance and growth |
|
|
Term
| living organisms must be able to respond to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
living things must be able to ___
- ___: the orderly formation of new cells
- ___: the increase in size of a cell
- multicellular organisms get larger as the ___ |
|
Definition
grow
- cell division
- cell enlargement
- number of cells increase |
|
|
Term
living organisms must be able to ___
- ___ must occur for a species to survive
- ___: producing offspring without the use of egg and sperm
- ___: producing offspring with the use of egg and sperm |
|
Definition
reproduce
- reproduction
- asexual reproduction
- sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| ___: group of similar, interbreeding individuals that can produce fertile offspring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| living organisms must be able to __ to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| our cells are containers full of ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is transferred between molecules during chemical reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: energy carrier of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: takes in ATP and gives out ADP + Pi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: energy (ATP) released, takes in ADP + Pi and gives out ATP |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most ___ reactions happen in mitochondria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ soils don't hold much |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil ph is determined by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
removal of minerals from soil depends on
1. form of ___
2. ___ of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH determined by ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ soils are common in areas with conifer/___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ soils are common in areas with lots of limestone (CaCO3) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ absorbs/buffers much of the H+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkaline soils tend to have _____ |
|
Definition
| fewer cations available for absorption |
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|
Term
| ___ soils tend to have more cations available for absorption |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cation exchange releases ____, which are absorbed by ___, or ___ in heavy rains |
|
Definition
| nutrients; roots; leached |
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|
Term
| an example of cation exchange might be where ___ replaces ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH can ___ proteins; proteins help to ____ |
|
Definition
| denature; move the ions in the plants (help bring nutrients) |
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|
Term
| ___ applies to the ability of structures to take on different forms under different environmental conditions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| only a few plants can ___ large organic materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant digestion happens primarily for extracting ___ in ___ areas |
|
Definition
| nitrogen; acidic moist areas |
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|
Term
| even though few plants have digestion, ___ is still the primary energy source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most plants skip ___ and go to ___ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
absorption
1. how ___ enter the ___
2. low ___ adaptations
3. high ___ adaptations
4. other ____ |
|
Definition
1. minerals; epithelial (epidermal) cells
2. nutrient availability
3. nutrient availablity
4. less common strategies |
|
|
Term
| in the root system, most nutrient absorption occurs via ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| root hairs are extensions of ___; the root hairs are only present on the ___ and not on the ____ |
|
Definition
| epidermal cells; zone of maturation; tips |
|
|
Term
| ___: getting into the epidermal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absorption is done via ____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
summary of absorption in plants
- ___ establish electrical gradient via ___
-- inside of cell has excess ___
-- outside of cell has excess ___ |
|
Definition
hydrogen ions; proton pump
-- negative charges
--positive charges |
|
|
Term
summary of absorption in plants
- ___ move into cells via ___
- ___ move into cell via ___ with ___ |
|
Definition
-cations; open channels
- anions; symport; H+ |
|
|
Term
absorption
1. proton pumps pump out, ___, cell becomes ___
2. ___ combine with ___
3. ___ displaces ___ so that ___ |
|
Definition
1.H+, more negative
2. hydrogen ions outside of cell; anions
3. H+; soil cations; they are free to move down electrical gradient |
|
|
Term
| what happens if proton pump is destroyed |
|
Definition
| cell becomes more neutral, no H+ movement, absorption does not happen |
|
|
Term
what happens when there are not enough nutrients?
- ___ and ___ are often key limiting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
low nutrient availability plants adaptations
- similar to ___
1. some plants have ___
2. some plants associate with ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
- animals
1. modified structures
2. fungi/bacteria; obtain nutrients |
|
|
Term
what happens when there are not enough nutrients?
-___ is an example of plasticity in plants |
|
Definition
carnivory can happen
-carnivory |
|
|
Term
low nitrogen=
high nitrogen= |
|
Definition
low=more carnivorous structures, fewer leaves
high= fewer carnivorous structures, more leaves |
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|
Term
| ___ help maintain internal environments that are dramatically different from external environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
phospholipids have ___ heads and ___ tails
- the R group is a ___
- allows for ___ membrane
- phospholipid ___ in membrane
- __ face out and __ face inward
- __ substances can pass freely through membrane |
|
Definition
polar; non-polar
- variable polar
- amphipathic
- bilayer
- heads; tails
- lipid soluble (O2 and CO2) |
|
|
Term
| ___ are droplets of phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ have an aqueous center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
phospholipids
- the polar head is ___ and the nonpolar tail is ___ |
|
Definition
| - hydrophilic; hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| the core of the plasma membrane is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ molecules insert themselves into the lipid layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phospholipid ___ face the aqueous intracellular and extracellular compartments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___are tightly bound to the membrane |
|
Definition
| membrane spanning integral proteins |
|
|
Term
carbohydrate group = ___
protein group = ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ refers to how easy it is for a substance to cross a plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: something that doesn't dissolve in water easily; water fearing
___: something that dissolves in water easily; water loving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the core of plasma membrane is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ or ___ molecules can not make it through the plasma membrane by diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein membrane channels display ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: moving into cell by vacuole
___: moving out of cell by vacuole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell size is limited by the ratio of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells need large surface area to ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| take in nutrients and excrete wastes |
|
|
Term
| as ___ increases, the ratio of ____ tends to ___ |
|
Definition
| volume; surface area to volume; decrease |
|
|
Term
to move materials across their membranes fast enough, cells must:
- modify their ___
- limit their ___
- both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
multicellular animals are:
1. composed of ____ cell types
2. the cells have ____
3. the cells are ____ |
|
Definition
1. two or more
2. specialized functions
3. physically attached to one another |
|
|
Term
| what are the major tissue types of animals and plants |
|
Definition
animals: ct, nervous, muscle, epithelial
plants: vascular, epidermal, ground tissue |
|
|
Term
nervous tissue
- conducts ___
- functions in ___ and ___
- __ and __ cells |
|
Definition
- electrical signals
- communication and control
- neurons and support |
|
|
Term
muscle tissue
- ___ development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
epithelial tissue
- functions in ___ and ___
- lines ___ and ___ of body |
|
Definition
- protection and secretion
- inside and outside |
|
|
Term
connective tissue
- functions in ___ and ___
- acts as a ___ |
|
Definition
- support and storage
- roadway |
|
|
Term
| in plants, ___ tissue is like epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ground tissue is located in ___ and functions in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vascular tissue: ___ and ___ are together in vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| trachieds and vessel elements |
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|
Term
| tissues work together to make the ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| organs; systems of the organism |
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|
Term
what else goes into a living organism
1. ___
2. ____ (about 60%)
3. terrestrial vertebrates designed to survive in ___, ___ environments |
|
Definition
1. cells
2. water
3. dry, highly variable |
|
|
Term
| problem: body's internal environment must remain ___ despite ____ |
|
Definition
| relatively stable; continually changing conditions |
|
|
Term
| ___ change the bond relationships among atoms and molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most organic chemical reactions take place in a ___ within the confines of ____ |
|
Definition
| watery environment; a cell's plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the body's coordinated response to changes in order to maintain internal stability within normal ranges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
homeostasis
- __ and __ control
- ___ but still ___ |
|
Definition
- temperature and water
- variable; normal range |
|
|
Term
| ___: response of the body is opposite the change caused by a stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. ___: source of change in internal/external environment
2. ___: detects change
3. ___: decides to make a change
4. ___: carry's out response
5. ___: is opposite of stimulus |
|
Definition
1. stimulus
2. receptor
3. integrating center
4. effector
5. response |
|
|
Term
___ is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
- internal ___ and ___ states are kept within a tolerable range
- applies to ____ |
|
Definition
homeostasis
- chemical and physical
- animals and plants |
|
|
Term
| homeostasis can be ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
| conformational or regulatory |
|
|
Term
| ___: going along with the external environment, cold blooded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____: adjusts the internal state to keep it within a tolerable range, regardless of external conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can organisms be both conformational and regulatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homeostasis is important because physical and chemical conditions have a dramatic effect on the __ and ___ of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ influences on enzyme activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ectothermic =
endothermic = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
advantages of endothermy
- disadvantages |
|
Definition
high chemical/metabolic rate; can be active at all times of day or night
- high nutrient/energy requirements |
|
|
Term
ectothermy
- advantages:
- disadvantages: |
|
Definition
- low energy requirements
- less action, lower metabolism |
|
|
Term
| energy is transferred between ___ during ___ |
|
Definition
| molecules; chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
plants are made of:
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
1. water
2. carbon atoms
3. minerals |
|
|
Term
| plants get ___ and ___ out of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
plants are made of
1. water from ___: obtained from ___
2. carbon based molecules: ____
3. minerals from ___ |
|
Definition
1. soil; the environment
2. products of photosynthesis
3. soil |
|
|
Term
soil nutrients
- ___: lots/quantity such as K, N, P
- ___: min amount, needed, Cl, Fe, Mg |
|
Definition
-macronutrient
- micronutrient |
|
|
Term
| plants obtain most nutrients from ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
two main parts of soil
1.
2. |
|
Definition
1. inorganic part (non carbon based)
2. organic part (humus) |
|
|
Term
| ___: the forces applied by rain, running water, and wind - begins the process of breaking down rocks into soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| removal of minerals from soil depends on ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| form of mineral and pH of soil |
|
|
Term
| most minerals in soil are available as __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: charged atom or molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nutrients required for plant growth occur in ___ as ___
- ___: negatively charged
- ___: positively charged |
|
Definition
soil as ions
- anions
- cations |
|
|
Term
| like charges ___ while opposite charges ___ |
|
Definition
| repel each other; attract |
|
|
Term
___: liquid component
___: molecule dissolved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ soils have lots of negative charges along surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cation behavior in soil
- cations interact with ___
- organic matter rich in ___
- ___ surfaces |
|
Definition
- negative charges
- organic acids
- clay |
|
|
Term
nutrient availability of cations
- cations usually ____ and then:
-- interact with ___
-- do not _____
-- not available to plants for ___ |
|
Definition
- dissolve in soil water
-- organic surfaces
-- move with the water when the water leaves
-- absorption |
|
|
Term
anion behavior in soil
- anions ___ easily
- repelled by ___
-- organic matter rich in ___
-- ___ surfaces |
|
Definition
- dissolve
- other - charges
-- organic acids
-- clay |
|
|
Term
nutrient availability of anions
- anions usually ____
-- interact with ___
-- move with ___
--- available to plants for ___ |
|
Definition
- dissolve in soil water
-- water molecules
-- water when water leaves
-- absorption |
|
|
Term
| soil with lots of clay or organic matter is susceptible to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
