Term
| Who are fungi most related to? |
|
Definition
• Fungi more closely related to animals than
to plants
– based on DNA evidence: animals and fungi
evolved from a common flagellated unicellular
ancestor
– Independent evolution of multicellularity
• Oldest fossil fungi ~460 Ma
– land plants ~470 Ma – ancient mutualism?
– Poor fossil record! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Pathogenesis: an ecological process in which a pathogen colonizes its host, and then produces a population sufficiently numerous, active, and well located to exert a pathological effect. |
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Term
| What are fungal cell walls made of? How does it differ from plants? Where else is this substance found? |
|
Definition
• Fungi have cell walls made of chitin
– Chitin is a polysacharide
– Differs from plant cell walls (cellulose)
– Contributes to a more flexible, much less rigid
cell wall than plants (mushroom vs. celery!)
– Chitin is also found in the exoskeletons of
crustaceans and insects; in the radula of
molluscs; and in the beaks of cephalopods |
|
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Term
| What is a fungal body composed of? |
|
Definition
• Vegetative body = (means it nutritionally active instead of reproductively), a complex network
of branched hyphae
• High surface-to-volume ratio, ideal for absorption |
|
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Term
| How does sexual reproduction occur in Fungi? What are the two steps called? |
|
Definition
Sexual reproduction in Fungi requires fusion of hyphae from different mating types
– Mating type signaled through pheromones
(sexual signaling molecules)
1. Plasmogamy– Fusion of two haploid mycelia
2. Karygamy– Fusion of two nuclei– Produces diploid cells (2n) |
|
|
Term
What are fungal nuclei usually?(N or 2N)
What is Heterokaryon? What is Dikaryotiv? |
|
Definition
Fungal nuclei are usually haploid (n)
• Multiple un-fused haploid nuclei in most mycelia
– Heterokaryon= Two haploid nuclei in within a mycelia
– Dikaryotic=• Mycelia may remain heterokaryotic or
dikaryotic for hours, days,… centuries(!)
• Diploid (2n) phase of mycelia is only short-lived
– Meiosis rapidly occurs, producing haploid
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|
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Term
|
Definition
-mainly aquatic
-parasitic and saprobes
-parasitic may be contributing to decrease in amphibians
-zoo spores= nonflagellated sperm
-chitin cell walls
-coenocytic hyphae(most)
-most primitive fungi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-600 species
-terrestrial
-one group forms mycorrhizae (mutualism with plant roots)
-Coeocyte only septa's are found where reproductive cells formed
-Zygosporangium = Plasmogamy produces a resistant structure in which karagamy and then meiosis occur.(it is not a 2N zygote rather a multinucleated struccture that is resistant to freezing or dying) |
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Term
|
Definition
-60,000 species -marine, fresh, and terrestrial species--unicellular (yeast)(some) -many devisating pathogens
-1/2live with alge in mutualistic associations called lichens(some)
-protect leaves of plants from insects by realesing toxin(some)
-Ascocarps= bear sexual stage in macrofruting bodies that hold asci.8 nuclei form on diplod zyogte that become ascopores that are dispersed.
Conida=spores that are not formed iside sporangia but outside of cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
-25000 species(ferrry ring around trees)
-decompose wood and other plant material
-long lived dikaryotic mycelium that reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies called basidocarps(source of sexual spores)
*the cap of a mushroom is a basidocarp and can realease a billion spores* |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-rapidly growing, aseuxal reproducing fungi
-considered imperfect fungi: reproduce asexually by producing spores
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Term
|
Definition
-inhabit iquid or moist habitats
-asexual reproduce by budding
-some reproduce sexually by forming asci or basidia
0some imperfect fungi(no known sexual stage)
*-sacchromyces=ferment sugar for alchohol and bakers yeast |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-asymbiotic assocciaton with millions of photsynthetic microorganisms(held in mesh of fungal hyphae)
-most ascomycete but some basidicarps
-2500 species combine with algage
-algae provides fungi with food while the fungus provies the alge with suitable enviorments to grow
-algae reproduce a sexually(celldivision)
-fungi reproduce sexually by forming ascarps or basidocarps
-sorideria=small clusters hyphe with embedded algae
-grow on rocks and new larva because they can break down rock -weak to pollution(die easily) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-symbiotic realationship with roots, absorb phosphates, water ect
-ring of mushrooms around tree is sign of realtionship
-two different types ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
| What are fungi and what is their nutrition mode? |
|
Definition
-fungi are eukaryotic and multicellular
-absorption is their nutrional mode
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
| break down complex macromolecules into simpler ones that the fungi can absorb |
|
|
Term
| What does Saprobic fung mean? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -tiny filaments that make up body of fungi |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| interwoven mat of hyphen that form the feeding network (usually subterranean) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
most fungi are multicellular with hyphae divided into cells by crosswalls or septa.
-septa have pores usually large enough to allow ribosomes, mitchondria and evne nucleii to flow from cell to cell |
|
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Term
| What are coenocytic fungi? |
|
Definition
-continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or even thousands of nuclei, no septa between them.
-results from repeated division of nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nutrient absorbing hypha tip taht penetrate the tissue of hosts
|
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Term
| How do fungi grow so large(what procceses aid in its growth) |
|
Definition
-fungi use cytplasmic streaming to transfer materials to mycelium exstending hyphae
-asexual and sexual reproduction that result in trillions of spores
-nucleii and spores are usually haploid |
|
|
Term
| What is heterkaryon mean? |
|
Definition
| having two different hyphae/nucleii in same mycelium usually occuring by fusion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the fusion of two parent cytoplasm when their mycelium come together |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The stage after plasmogamy and is the fusion of the haploid nucleii contributed by two aprents
-the time between plasmogamy and karyogamy can be days, week, years or even centuries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two nucleii, when haploid nucleii pair of into a cell (one from each parent)
-usually two nucleii divide in tandem till karyogamy occurs
-the transient structures formed by karygomy are usually the only diploid stages.
-meiosis restores haploid condition before spores produced |
|
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Term
| What are some defining characteristics of animals? |
|
Definition
- Animals are multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs.
- Animals take in preformed organic molecules through ingestion, eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.
-No cell walls
-Nerve and muscle cells
|
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Term
| How do animals store starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some general differences between Fungi, animals and plants? |
|
Definition
- Animal cells lack cell walls that provide structural support for plants and fungi.
-Animals take in preformed organic molecules through ingestion, eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.
-In contrast, plants are autotrophic eukaryotes that generate organic molecules by photosynthesis; fungi are absorptive heterotrophs.
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Term
| What protein is unique to animals? It allows multicellularity. |
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Definition
The multicellular bodies of animals are held together by extracellular structural proteins, especially collagen, which is unique to animals.
|
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Term
| What are the two types of cells found in animals? What do they do? |
|
Definition
Animals have two specialized types of cells found only in animals: nerve cells for impulse conduction and muscle cells for movement.
These cells are organized into nervous tissue and muscle tissue.
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|
Term
|
Definition
- The zygote undergoes cleavage, a succession of mitotic cell divisions, leading to the formation of a multicellular stage called the blastula, which takes the shape of a hollow ball in many animals.
- During gastrulation, layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced.
-The resulting development stage is called a gastrula.(Gastrulation)
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Term
| What are the two ways animals develop into adults? |
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Definition
• Some animals develop directly through transient stages into adults, but others have a distinct larval stage or stages.
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Term
|
Definition
o A larva is a sexually immature stage that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage, usually eats different foods, and may live in a different habitat from the adult.
o Animal larvae eventually undergo metamorphosis, transforming the animal into an adult.
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Term
| What defines a Deuterostome? |
|
Definition
1. Blastopore becomes anus
2.Mesoderm piches off archenteron
3. Coelom from puches off archenteron
4. Indeterminate radial cleavage
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Term
|
Definition
2. Blastopore becomes mouth
2. Mesoderm from masses of cells near blastopre
3.Coelom from splits in solid mesoderm
4.Determinate spiral cleavage |
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Term
| What regulates animal development? How common is it? How does it work? |
|
Definition
Animals share a unique homeobox-containing family of genes known as Hox genes.
o All eukaryotes have genes that regulate the expression of other genes.
o Many of these regulatory genes contain common modules of DNA sequences called homeoboxes.
o Because all animals share Hox genes, this gene family may have arisen in the eukaryotic lineage that gave rise to animals.
• Hox genes play important roles in the development of animal embryos, regulating the expression of dozens or hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology.
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Term
| What is a body plan? What are the two main types? |
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Definition
A body plan is a set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
• Like all organismal features, animal body plans have evolved over time.
-bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry
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|
Term
|
Definition
Some animals, such as sea anemones, have radial symmetry. These animals have top (mouth) and bottom sides, but not front and back ends and no left and right sides.
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Term
| Describe bilateral symmetry |
|
Definition
Many animals have bilateral symmetry. A bilateral animal has two axes of orientation: front to back and top to bottom.
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) sides, left and right sides, and anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends.
Linked with bilateral symmetry is cephalization, an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of nervous and sensory equipment on the anterior end.
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Term
| What is spiral cleavage? What is determinate cleavage? What is this development most common with? |
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Definition
Many protostomes undergo spiral cleavage, in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo.
• Some protostomes also show determinate cleavage, whereby the developmental fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early.
|
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Term
| What is radial cleavage? What is indeterminate cleavage? What is this development most common with? |
|
Definition
Most deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage, in which the cleavage planes are parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo. Most deuterostomes show indeterminate cleavage, whereby each cell in the early embryo retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
o The indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote makes identical twins possible.
o Indeterminate cleavage also explains the developmental versatility of embryonic “stem cells,” which may provide new ways to overcome a variety of diseases, including type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Term
| What are the two different types of coelom formations? What do they mean? How do they seperate the two development styles? |
|
Definition
In gastrulation, the developing digestive tube of an embryo initially forms as a blind pouch, the archenteron.
-in protostome, initially solid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelomic activities; This is called schizocoelous
-in deuterostomes the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavites; this is termed enterocoelous. |
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Term
| What are true tissues? Who lacks them? |
|
Definition
Animal body plans also vary according to the organization of the animal’s tissues.
o True tissues are collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers.
• Sponges and a few other groups lack true tissues.
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Term
| What are germ layers what do they do? |
|
Definition
As development progresses, germ layers, concentric layers of embryonic tissue, form various tissues and organs.
o Ectoderm, the germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, to the central nervous system.
o Endoderm, the innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or archenteron, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates.
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Term
| What are animals with only two germ layers called? |
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Definition
Animals with only two germ layers, such as cnidarians and comb jellies, are diploblastic.
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Term
| What are the animals with three germ layers called? What is this third germ layer? What does it do? |
|
Definition
-Other animals are triploblastic and have three germ layers.
- In these animals, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, lies between the endoderm and the ectoderm.
-The mesoderm develops into the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal.
-Triploblasts include a broad range of animals, from arthropods to vertebrates. |
|
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Term
| What do most triploblastic animals posses? What is the name for these animals? |
|
Definition
Most triploblastic animals possess a body cavity (a fluid- or air-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall) known as a coelom.
-A “true” coelom forms from tissue derived from mesoderm.
- The inner and outer layers of tissue that surround the coelom connect dorsally and ventrally and form structures that suspend the internal organs.
- Animals that possess a true coelom are known as coelomates.
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Term
| What are animals with out "true" coeloms called? What makes them not true coelmates? |
|
Definition
Some triploblastic animals have a cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm.
o Such a cavity is a “pseudocoelom,” and animals that have one are called pseudocoelomates.
o A pseudocoelom is a fully functional body cavity, despite its name.
-only partially lined by mesoderm tissues
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Term
| What are animals that lack colons called? |
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Definition
Some triploblastic animals lack a coelom. These animals, known as acoelomates, have a solid body without a body cavity.
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Term
| What are some functions of body cavities? |
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Definition
• A body cavity has many functions.
o Its fluid cushions the suspended organs, helping to prevent internal injury.
o In soft-bodied coeleomates, the noncompressible fluid of the body cavity can function as a hydrostatic skeleton against which muscles can work.
o The presence of a body cavity enables the internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.
• Current research suggests that true coeloms and pseudocoeloms have evolved many times in the course of animal evolution.
o Thus, the terms coelomate and pseudocoelomate refer to grades, not clades.
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Term
| What are flatworms, Annelids, Nematatodes?(coelom) |
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Definition
-flatworms:acoelomate
-Nematodes:outer mesoderm ring only
-Annelids:coelmate(true coelom) |
|
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Term
| Positives of having a body cavity? |
|
Definition
1)gut and body can move independently
2) Room for organs, gonads & gametes
3) hydrostatic skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sponges(5000 species)
-simplest animals
-most marine, some fresh water
-filter feeders
-branch Parazoa
-asymmetry(no symmetry)
-typically hermaphrodites |
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Term
| Why are porifera the most simplest animals? What is there skeleton like? What makes sponges similar to choanoflagellates? |
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Definition
-Multicellular, specialized cell types
- Blastula-like larva
-Skeleton = flexible proteins (spongin) +
rigid spicules
-Collar cells (choanocytes) |
|
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Term
| What is the orgins species of animals? How is this species similar to sponges? |
|
Definition
-choanoflagellates
-have a collar around flagellum but no cellular specialization
-the cells of choanoflagellates are similar to choanocytes of animals
-choanocytyes are collar cells that line the spongocoel |
|
|
Term
| Describe how sponges feed? |
|
Definition
Sponges are suspension feeders,
capturing food particles suspended in the
water that pass through their body
• Choanocytes, flagellated collar cells,
generate a water current through the
sponge and ingest suspended food
• Water is drawn through pores into a
cavity called the spongocoel and out
through an opening called the osculum |
|
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Term
| What carrys food to cells in sponges? What do they also do? |
|
Definition
Amoebocytes, they also
--create rigid spicules
--secrete flexible spongins
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Term
| What are all animals except sponges part of? |
|
Definition
| Eumetazoa meaning true tissues |
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Term
| What is Cnidaria? What are the two different body forms? |
|
Definition
-10,000 species
-lack mesoderm include hydras, jellies, sea anemones and coral animals.
-nerve nets and contractile cells
-radial symmetry
-Extracellular digestion in Gastrovascular cavity
-2 true tissues from embryonic germ layers:ectoderm, endoderm
-Polyp and medusa are two body types
-carnivores
-have a cnidae called nematocysts: a stinging capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -cylindrical froms that adhere to the substratum by the aboral end of the body and exstend their tentacles waiting for prey |
|
|
Term
What is medusa body form?
|
|
Definition
-flattened mouth down version of polyp -moves freely in water by combination of passive drifting and conractions of its bell-shaped body --jelllies
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Term
| What is phylum lophotrochozoa? |
|
Definition
The clade Lophotrochozoa was identified
by molecular data
• Some develop a lophophore for feeding,
others pass through a trochophore larval
stage (Fig. 32.13), and a few have neither
feature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BILATERAL symmetry
• CEPHALIZATION (they have a head)
• acoelmates embryonic germ layers
- |
|
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Term
| What are the four classes of phylum Platyhelminthes? |
|
Definition
Class Turbellaria
– Planaria (non-parasitic)
• Class Trematoda
– parasitic flukes
• Class Cestoda
– parasitic tapeworms
• Class Monogenea
– more flukes |
|
|
Term
| What is class turbellaria? |
|
Definition
-Planaria (non parasitic)
-free living
-most marine some freshwater
-body surface ciliated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-parasitic flukes
-have intermediate hosts(sometimes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-more flukes
-external parasites of fishes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Parasitic tapeworms
• Body made of repeating reproductive
segments called proglottids |
|
|
Term
| What evolved before Lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia and ecdysozoa? |
|
Definition
-head
-three tissue layers
-bilateral symmetry
-organ systems
-muscle |
|
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Term
| What is included in Lophotrochozoan Phyla? What are some examples of each? |
|
Definition
Platyhelminthes — flatworms
• Annelida — earthworms, polychaetes,
leeches
• Mollusca — clams, snails, squids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
segmented body plan
-bilatteral symmetry and vermiform
- Coelom partitioned by walls called septa |
|
|
Term
| How are leaches useuful medically? What do they secrete? |
|
Definition
• Useful tools in tissue grafts and in
reattachment surgery
• Secrete anticoagulant
– prevent blood clots
– relieve pressure due to pooling blood
• Leech saliva also helps re-establish blood
flow to reattached body parts
– vasodilator
– provides anaesthesia
• Also provides strong antibiotic action |
|
|
Term
| General Olgochaete Body plan |
|
Definition
-has septum wich partition coelom
-both circular and longitudal muscles
-ventral nerve cords and ganglia(run along side of worm)
-dorsal heart and paired artieries(along top near head)
-brain is above and around the gut near head
-Excretory organs: metanephridia
-bristles(setae) on external, provide traction for burrowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-include oysters ,clams , octopuses and squids
-three main body parts
-foot: usually used for movement
-visceral mass: containing most fo the internal organs
mantle: a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell(if one is present)
- |
|
|
Term
| Ecdysozoa? What phylum are in it? |
|
Definition
2nd group of phyla within bilateria
• Phylum Nematoda – roundworms
• Phylum Arthropoda – jointed-legged
insects, spiders, mites, millipedes,
crabs, horseshoe crabs (trilobites,
eurypterids etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the roundworms
• ecdysis – molting as individual
grows
• Cylindrical worms with tapered
ends
• Fabulous variety of life styles
• Only longitudinal muscles
(circular have been lost)
• Circulatory system lost! |
|
|
Term
| What does longitudinal muscles mean? |
|
Definition
– Worm can only coil or bend
– Cannot shorten its length
-hydrostatic skeleton(gut, then fluid filled pseudocoelom,then body wall) |
|
|
Term
| What are some medicallly important parasitic nematodes? |
|
Definition
Pinworms
• Trichinosis
• Ascaris
• Filariasis
(elephantiasis, river
blindness)
• Parasites of plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Range in length from 6-13 inches
•The female worm may be as thick
as a pencil!
•Up to 100 worms/human
-can transfer from dogs to humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• “Joint-footed” animals, Most successful group on earth? ,Most known species of any phylum, Many habitats, life styles
Segmented body plan
• Jointed appendages
• Jointed exoskeleton with chitin & protein
• Compound eyes
• Coelom greatly reduced
• Open circulatory system (Hemolymph) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extinct
-segmented body
-jointed skeleton
-mouth
-paired, jointed appendages |
|
|
Term
| Describe eyes of phylum arthropoda? |
|
Definition
Compound eyes!, Lost in some groups like the spiders Able toTransmit both visible and UV light Compound eyes: have many many small units,
Ommatidia
• Each ommatidia has
lens + visual pigments
• 8,500-30,000/eye!
• Selective advantage?
|
|
|
Term
| What is Molting of arthrpods called? What causes it? |
|
Definition
Shared character: Ecydysis
–Molting or shedding of cuticle
–Orchestrated by hormones
(juvenile hormone, ecdysone)
• New, larger cuticle allows growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-process where animal physically develops after birth
-butterflys. frogs, grass, drosophilidae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Deuterostomia
-Shared with chordates:
• deuterostomes development
• Unique to this phylum:
• radial symmetry (like sea-stars)
• water vascular system: hydraulic canals branching into extension called tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.
• endoskeleton of calcareous plates |
|
|
Term
| Body structure of Class echinodea(specifically sea star) |
|
Definition
-central stomach( with anus at center)
-a Ring canal surronds the stomach
-surround the whole section is the central disk
-one "arm" has the digestive glands
-one arm as the radial canal
-one arm has gonads(reproduction)
-Medreporites(small opeining that connect the water vascual system to the outside) |
|
|
Term
| The water vascular system consists what four parts? |
|
Definition
The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet.
-Water flows into 5 radial canals
-branch into bulblike structures called ampullae
-these are connected to sucker like podia
-the entire structure is called tubefeet
-Contraction of the ampullae causes the podia to stretch as water is brought into them.
-This whole process allows for movement, and is quite powerful but extremely slow.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Share a Deuterostome developmental pattern with Phylum Echinodermata
- 5 unique traits:
-Notochord
-Pharynegeal slits
-Dorsal, hollow nervechord
(-Ventral heart)
-Muscular postanal tail |
|
|
Term
| Describe basics of each 4 anatomical features |
|
Definition
Notochord=stiff dorsal rod
Dorsal hollow nerve chord tube=
-Phayngeal slits= water in mouth, out of gill slits; gas exchange and fliter feeding
Postanal tail=behind anus
-segmented muscles |
|
|
Term
| Three subphyla of chordata? What are they also known as |
|
Definition
-Urochordata commonly called tunicates= sea squirts
-Cephalochordata commonly called lancelets
-Craniatata(fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals(humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
axial skeleton— backbone made of
vertibrae
– From notechord
– Cartilage or bone
– Protects nerve cord
– provides muscle attachment
-More developed skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.-hollow dorsal nerve tube from ectoderm
2.The neural plate folds,making a hollow tube.
secretes proteins that lead to dorsal-ventral orientation during development
• usually disappears by age 4 in humans
|
|
|
Term
| During embryonic development of the vertebrae what is loss? |
|
Definition
Notechord is lost
charyngeal pouches= form on vertabrate embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Genes that program development
– Control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of
changes in an animal’s form as it develops
into an adult |
|
|
Term
| What are Homeotic genes? What are these called in terms of all animals? |
|
Definition
Determine such basic features as where a
pair of wings or a pair of legs will develop. Homeotic genes called Hox genes provide positional
information such as the development of fins in fish,
and the development of limbs in tetrapods |
|
|
Term
What controls the Anterior-Posterior pattern
of development in hindbrain, neck, and trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lampreys: Cephalaspidomorphi |
|
Definition
Have vertebrae, skull; but lack jaws
• Parasitic on fishes |
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Term
| What are the four criteria that evolved over the evolution of chordata? |
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Definition
-Notochord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail evolved for all chordata
-Cranuim, neural crest cells(exclude Ceophalochorodates)
-Vertebrae axial skeleton(include lampreys and jawedvertebrates)(exclude hag fishes)
-Jaws(exclude lampreys) |
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Term
| Origins of vertebrate jaws? |
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Definition
Jawless fish ---
• Pharyngeal gill slits
• Supporting bony skeletal
rods (skeletal rod)
From gill arches
• First seen in extinct Placoderms
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Term
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Definition
Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish
• Bone reduced, cartilaginous skeleton
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Term
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Definition
(Bony skeleton fishes)
Ray fins
– most common
Lobe fins
– Lung fish
– Coelocanths |
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Term
| Tetrapods? What are they closest related to? |
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Definition
-Four-legged vertebrates
-Closest related to to lobe-finned fish or lungfish
-usually separated from fishes(transition from water to land)
-some returned milllions of years later like whales |
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Term
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Definition
• Most basal of living tetrapods
• Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
• Many (but not all) have this life history
sequence:
– eggs laid by female(then fertilized)
–tadpole larva stage lack legs and have gills
– gills and lateral line system dissapear and legs and lungs form(adult)
• No scales
• Most have smooth, moist skin |
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Term
| What was the big innovation of tetrapods( called amniotes) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the amniotic egg allow for? |
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Definition
embryo is protected from desiccation
- provides freedom from aquatic
environments during reproduction |
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Term
Amniotic egg structure?
Amnion? |
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Definition
Amnion=protects embryo and prevents dehydration
Yolk Sac=nutrients for embryo
Albumen=protects against infection
Allantois= waste disposal and gas exchange
Chlorion= allow for gas exchange between allantois |
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Term
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Definition
-First milk producing
• Primitively egg-laying
• Milk, mammary glands
• Hair
• Placement of limbs under body
• Lower jaw = 1 bone, the dentary
• Three inner ear bones |
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Term
| Reptalile clade includes what? |
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Definition
| turtles, crocidiles, dinosuars, birds |
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Term
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Definition
Closely related to reptiles
-hard shells instead of soft shell like reptiles
-velocirapter ahd brids(closely related to dinosaurs)
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Term
Did Neanderthals give rise
to European humans? |
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Definition
| No seperate evolution schemes! |
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Term
| Major bio diversity(prokaryotes) |
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Definition
Prokaryotes RULED!
– ALL biodiversity was ONLY prokaryotes for
over 1.5 billion years - still very abundant,
diverse and important
– exhibit metabolic pathways not found in other
organisms
Evolution of the eukaryote cell through
endosymbiosis |
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Term
| Major bio diversity(plants) |
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Definition
– Life Cycle: alternation of generations
• haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte
– Increasing dominance of sporophytes
– Evolution of vascular tissues
– Evolution of tissues for support against gravity
– Evolution of flowers and seeds |
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Term
| Major bio diversity(fungi) |
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Definition
– Body evolved to maximize external digestion
and absorption of food
– Different spore types characterize major
lineages |
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