Know the diagram on powerpoint slide 1

(what are you doing here, go look at the diagram!)

Photosynthesis provides (blank) and (blank) for ecosystems

Energy

Building Blocks

Photosynthesis works (in general) by transforming (blank) energy into (blank) energy, which is stored in the bonds of (blank) from CO2 and (blank)

If you dont know this, go study that first slide again!!

Sunlight (or light)

Chemical

Sugar

Water

(Blank) is the raw material for biosynthesis, or (blank)

Sugar

Stored Energy

Sugar forms plant (blanks and blanks)

proteins and lipids

(blank) synthesis of glucose molecules make cellulose

Dehydration

(a water is removed, and two smaller monomers join)

Photosynthesis produces (blank) alongside glucose that plants and other (blank) organisms needs for (blank) work

Oxygen

aerobic (meaning that these organisms require oxygen for cellular respiration)

Plants, algae, and even some (blank) can perform photosynthesis, but animals cannot.

bacteria (self feeders)

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis are called (blank)

Photoautotrophs

Photoautotrophs use light energy to convert (blank and blank) into their own (blank) molecules. They also release (blank) as a by-product, or can use it for (blank)

Carbon dioxide and water

organic

Oxygen

Cellular respiration

Photosynthesis takes place in the (blanks) of plant cells

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are photosynthetic (blanks) and (blanks) that are organized in a membrane

helpful diagram on slide 5!!

Pigments

Enzymes

go check out the diagram!

All green parts of plants have (blanks), this green colour is due to (blank), a light absorbing pigment

Chloroplasts

Chlorophyll

During photosynthesis, where does the carbon dioxide enter, and the oxygen exit?

Through a stomata, tiny pores

How does a plant receive water that is used in photosynthesis? (more depth than just roots)

Water is first absorbed through the roots, and then delivered to the leaves via "veins"

Where does the oxygen biproduct of photosynthesis come from?

Water, NOT CO2

The CO2 contributes to the formation of (blank), while the water contributes to the formation of (blank) AND (blank)

(during photosynthesis)

Glucose (some water is also created as a biproduct)

Glucose and Oxygen

Photosynthesis happens in two different reaction:

Light Dependant

Calvin Cycle

Light dependent reactions are when light energy, or (blanks) are captured by (blank) and are used to do which two functions?

Photons

Chlorophyll

Used to synthesize ATP from ADP +P (provides energy)

The calvin cycle uses (blank) and (blank) to reduce CO2 into (blank)

NADPH and ATP

Sugar

Name the steps of Light Dependent Reactions

(4 basic ones, ending in the photosystem gaining energy)

1) A pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light

2) One pigment's electron jumps to a higher energy level

3) This electron transfers energy to other pigments

4) eventually the energy goes to a special pair of chlorophyll pigments, and passes off this excited electron to primary electron acceptor in photosystem

What is a photosystem?

A collection of pigments bound to proteins (in light harvesting complexes)

What kind of energy is light energy transformed into? How does this light energy affect the photosystem? (think chemiosmosis)

Chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Light energy captured by each photosystem excites electrons, which cause them to move down the electron transport chain and this provides energy for the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis

What are the inner and outer layers the hydrogen atoms are released/allowed back into through chemiosmosis in plants (during photosynthesis)

The inner layer is the Thykaloid space (the photosystems sit on the Thykaloid membrane)

The outer layer is called the Stroma

What is the concentration of H+ like in the Stroma versus the Thykaloid space? How does this affect the electron transport chain?

There is a high concentration of H in the thykaloid, but a low concentration in the Stroma

This means that electrons will tend to flow from the Thykaloid to the Stroma, through the ATP synthase protein and chemiosmosis

What does the Calvin cycle use to make its product?

Uses CO2, energy from ATP and the reducing power of NADPH

What is the main product of the calvin cycle, and what is it used for?

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

Used to make glucose and other organic molecules as needed

Carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin cycle are incorporated how many at a time?

one

What are the 4 steps of the Calvin Cycle?

1) Carbon Fixation

2) Reduction

3) Release of one molecule of G3P

4) Regeneration of RuBP

G3P is made in the (blank) phase of the Calvin cycle . Is this released as product, or continued into later phases?

Reduction (step 2)

Trick question: it is both released to be later formed into glucose, AND continued through the cycle to regenerate RuBP. One molecule is released, the others are sent through.

Where do plants store the excess organic molecules as biproducts of the Calvin Cycle?

roots, tubers, seeds and fruits

About what percent of sugars are used for cellular respiration in the mitochondria of plant cells?

about 50%

Describe what the greenhouse effect is

Solar radiation penetrates the Earth's atmosphere, warms the planet's surface

Heat radiating from the planet is absorbed by atmospheric gases, which then reflects some of that heat back to earth (infinite loop)

What are the results of the greenhouse effect? (what happens because of it)

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases=global climate change

a major aspect of this is global warming

What did the rising levels of CO2 during the 1900s coincide with? Why is this important?

Widespread deforestation

Trees produce oxygen, and reduced CO2 reduces the impact of global warming

What are the consequences of global warming?

Extreme weather patterns

Rising sea levels, melting polar ice

Increased extinction rates

Spread of tropical diseases

What are 3 strategies to mitigate global climate change? will one suffice?

1) Reducing deforestation: increases plant photosynthesis and carbon storing contributions

2) Alternative fuels (biofuels) reduce fossil fuel dependency

3) Using solar energy for some of our energy needs

no, employing all of these strategies and others is the only way to truly change the problem globally

How has scientific work from research teams lead to change in environmental policy? Name one example.

The work has lead to discoveries of how chemicals can affect our environment

Example: Synthetic chemicals (CFCs) were discovered to destroy the ozone layer, used widely in aerosol sprays, fridges, styrofoam