What are cells? How are cells related?

They are the fundamental unit of life

simplest collection of matter that can live

Related by descent from earlier cells

What are the smallest cells? About how large?

Mycoplasmas (a type of bacteria)

-about 0.1-1nanometer

What are the largest cells? What are the longest cells?

Largest: Bird eggs

Longest: Muscle/nerve cells

Why are cells so small?

at a minimum, a cell must be large enough to house the parts it needs for survival

The maximum is limited by the amount of surface area needed to obtain nutrients and dispose waste

A small cell has a (blank) ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape

Greater

What differentiates a Prokaryotic cell from a Eukaryotic cell?

A Prokaryotic cell has a nucleoid region (vs a nucleus)

very simple organelles (vs membrane bound complex ones)

1-10nm (much smaller than prokaryotes)

What similarities do Prokrayotic and Eukaryotic cells share?

Have cell membranes

Have a cytoplasm

Contain chromosomes/genes/DNA

Contain ribosomes

Eukaryotic cells are (blanked) into (blank) compartments

Partitioned, functional

What is the benefit of compartmentalization in Eukaryotic cells? (one key idea, 3 sub ideas)

Increases efficiency

-Allows incompatible chemical reactions to be separated

-Keeps enzymes that cooperate close

-Higher local concentration of molecules

What are the 5 main "centres" or classes of a Eukaryotic cell?

1) Plasma Membrane

2) Genetic Control

3) Manufacturing, Distribution, and Breakdown

4) Energy Processing

5) Structural Support, Movement, Communication Between Cells

What is the plasma membrane? What is it made from?

A flexible, sturdy barrier that contains and surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell

Made from a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

What is the plasma membrane responsible for?

Directional transport of molecules (e.g oxygen, nutrients, waste)

Many cell reactions take place at the membrane

The nucleus is the cell's (blank) control center

How does it do this?

Genetic

It directs protein synthesis

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the (blank)

Nuclear envelope

(Blank, blank) regulate entry and exit of material in the nucleus

Nuclear pores

The (blank) is the region in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is (blanked)

Nucleolus, synthesized

In the nucleus, (blank and blank) form genetic material called chromatin

DNA and proteins

Chromatin (blanks) to form discrete chromosomes

condenses

Ribosomes are particles made of (blank and blank)

 RNA and protein

Ribosomes carry out (blank)

Protein synthesis

Ribosomes can be free in (blank) or bound to (blank blank)

cytosol (or cytoplasm)

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Proteins are made by messenger RNA. mRNA first exits the (blank), then encounters a (blank) which reads the mRNA and (blanks) a protein

nucleus

Ribosome

synthesizes

The (blank) system is a collection of membranous organelles. These organelles (blank, blank, and blank) cell products.

endomembrane

manufacture, distribute, break down

The endomembrane system includes these 5 parts

Nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi complex

Lysosomes

Plasma Membrane

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A membrane that is continuous with the nuclear envelope, distinct from the cytoplasm

What are the two types of ER? What distinguishes them?

Rough ER- ribosomes attached throughout

Smooth ER- no ribosomes

The (blank) endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and hormones, stores (blank) and in some cells regulates (blank) metabolism and breaks down (blank and blank)

Smooth

Calcium

Carbohydrate

Toxins and drugs

The Rough ER manufactures more (blank). (Blanks) on its surface produce (blanks) destined to be outside the cell or on the cell surface.

Membrane

Ribosomes

Proteins

The main function of the Golgi Apparatus is to (blank, blank, and blank) cell products, received from the (blank).

Finish/modify, sort, and ship

ER

Golgi Apparatus "ships" its products via a (blank blank). It receives its products via a (same blank blank) from the (blank). 

Transport Vesicle

Transport Vesicle

ER

What are Lysosomes? Where are they found?

Sacs of digestive enzymes, budded off the Golgi apparatus

What is the function of Lysosomes? What can they hydrolyze? (second part different from first.)

Digest cell's food and wastes

Proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acid.

(Blanks) in the membrane of a Lysosome pump (blank) into the lumen from the cytosol to maintain a pH of (blank).

Proteins

H+

5

Lysosomes digest waste by fusing with a (blank) containing it made by the (blank) to "digest" it, and it is expelled through the (blank blank).  Similarly, Lysosomes digest food by fusing with a (blank blank) which entered through the (blank blank). 

Vesicle

Golgi Apparatus

Plasma Membrane

Food Vesicle

Plasma Membrane

The Mitochondria are the sites of (blank blank) 

Cellular respiration

The mitochondria harvest (blank blank) from food and store this as ATP, the (blank) molecule of the cell

Chemical energy

Energy

The (blank) is a network of fibers that run throughout the cell

Cytoskeleton

What are the 5 main functions of the Cytoskeleton

1) Establishes and maintains cell shape

2) Provides mechanical strength

3) Locomotion

4) Chromosome separation during cell division

5) Intracellular transport of organelles

What are the 3 types of fibers in the Cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Microfilaments, one of the three fibers making up the (blank) are composed of (blank) twisted filaments of (blank). They control cell (blank) and (blank).

Cytoskeleton

Double

Actin

Shape

Movement

Intermediate filaments, one of the three fibers that compose the (blank), (blank) the cell, and (blank) certain organelles.

Cytoskeleton

Reinforce

Anchor

Microtubules, one of the three fibers that compose the (blank) are straight, hollow (blanks) composed of (blank) proteins called (blanks).

Cytoskeleton

Tubes

Globular

Tubulins

What are the three functions of microtubules

Gives the cell rigidity and shape

Provides anchors for organelles

Acts as tracks for organelle movement

What kinds of cells are embedded in an extra-cellular matrix?

Animal Cells

What makes up the extra-cellular matrix and what are its functions?

It is a sticky layer of glycoprotein

It binds cells together in tissues

It can also have protective and supportive functions

Cells interact with each other via their (blanks)

surfaces

Animal cells contain three kinds of cell-cell (blanks).

The three types are:

Junctions.

Tight junction, desmosomes, gap junctions.

(Blank) junctions, found in (blank) cells, bind these cells together into (blank) proof sheets.

Tight

Animal

Leak

(Blanks), a type of (blank-blank) junction, also known as the anchoring junction, link animal cells to each other.

Desmosomes

Cell-cell

(blank) junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell.

Gap