What is the KEY element to molecular diversity?

What other elements are commonly bonded to this element and important for life?

Carbon

Others: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.

What are Macro-molecules? What are the four classes?

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Classes: 1) Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)

2) Protiens

3) Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

4) Lipids

Which of the four classes of life's organic molecules are polymers?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

(OR all except Lipids)

How do dehydration reactions affect cells? How does this differ from hydrolysis reactions?

Dehydration: Cells link monomers to form polymers and lose an H2O molecule

Hydrolysis: Cells break into their polymers into monomers by gaining an H2O molecule

What are carbohydrates?

Sugars, and polymers of sugars

What are the simplest carbohydrates referred as?

Monosaccharides or single sugars

Carbohydrate macromolecules that contain multiple sugars are called what?

Polysaccharides

What are monosaccharide formulas composed of? What is the function of a monosaccharide?

Composed of CH2O bases with 3-7 C atoms, most common is glucose (C6H12O6)

They are the main fuel molecules

What are Disaccharides?

Two sugar molecules joined to form one

Examples: Sucrose- glucose and fructose

Maltose- 2 glucoses

Lactose- glucose and galactose

What is the storage polysaccharide of plants? What does it consist of?

Starch

Consists of glucose monomers that are unbranched

What is the storage polysaccharide of animals? Where is it stored in humans and how does it differ from plant version?

Glycogen

Consists of glucose monomer, differs from plants because it is branched

stored in the liver and muscle cells

What is the structural polysaccharide of plants? What is it made of, and how is it used?

Cellulose

Used to from cell walls

Made of glucose, linked differently than other glucose containing polysaccharides

What kind of hydrogen bonded chains does cellulose form?

Fibers

What kinds of organisms can hydrolyze cellulose?

Certain microorganisms and fungi

What is the function of a protein?
What are the 7 classes?

Proteins do things!

7 classes

1) Structural (silk, hair, tendons)

2) Contractile (actin, myosin)

3) Strorage (zeins, ovalbumin)

4) Defensive (antibodies)

5) Transport (hemoglobin)

6) Signaling (hormones)

7) Enzymes

What is the monomer of a protein?

Amino Acids

How many different kinds of amino acids exist? What factors are similar between them, and what differs?

There are 20 amino acids

Same general structure, different R groups

How are proteins distinguished chemically?

Proteins will vary in length, and the sequence of amino acids

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Describe primary protein structure

Linear sequence of amino acids

Describe secondary protein structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by H bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Describe secondary protein structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by H bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Describe tertiary protein structure

3D shape formed by interactions between R groups

Describe Quaternary structure

Association of multiple polypeptides

What are the two nucleic acids, and what is their general function?

Macromolecules that encode information required to build proteins

What are nucleotides, and what is similar and different about their structures?

They are monomers of nucleic acids

Similar: Contain phosphate group(s), pentose sugar

Different: contain differing nitrogenous bases (TAGC)

What is DNA pentose sugar?

Deoxyribose

What are the 4 different types of DNA nucleotides? Which one differs from RNA?

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine

Which pentose sugar does RNA contain?

Ribose sugar

What are the 4 RNA nucleotides? Which differs from DNA?

Adenine (A)

Uracil (U)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Uracil is found in RNA, DNA contains Thymine

How are DNA strands held? Which base pairs exist?

Held by H bonding,

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

How does the shape of RNA differ from DNA?

RNA forms a single polynucleotide strand, while DNA forms a double stranded polymer

What is the one trait all lipids share with one another?

They are all hydrophobic (they are non polar)

What are the most biologically important lipids?

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

What is the general chemical structure of a lipid?

C and H atoms linked by non polar bonds

What is the fat molecule called, formed from, and function?

Triglyceride

Made from glycerol and fat acids

Stores energy

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Saturated and Unsaturated

What makes a saturated fatty acid?

Has no double bonds (maximum number of H atoms)

Solid at room temp

Derived from animals

What makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

One or more double bonds

Liquid at room temp

Mainly derived from plants

What differs a phospholipid from from a fat?

A phosphate group replaces one fatty acid

What quality do phospholipids have?

They are amphipathic: have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

What are steroids? What starting molecule are they derived from? Name one example

Lipids with carbon skeletons bent to from four rings

made from cholesterol

Vitamins, bile acids, hormones