(blank) and (blank) of wild plants allowed for production of surplus food

domestication

selective breeding

(blank) lead to the establishment of cities and emergence of modern civilization

farming

(blank) and other food crops are highly researched

e.g, (blank), geonomics

Wheat

Genetic engineering

There are (blank) known species of flowering plants, but most food comes from about (blank) flowering plants.

Flowering plants are scientifically called (blank)

250,000

100

Angiosperms

Give an example of a monocot, and a eudicot

Monocot: orchids, bamboos, palms..

Eudicots: most fruit and vegetables

There are 3 basic organs in a plant:

Roots, stems, leaves

Plants must obtain nutrients from 2 different environments. Which nutrients are obtained, and from which environment?

CO2 and light from air

Water and minerals from soil

Plants have two basic "systems". What are they, are how do they function as a whole plant?

Subterranean root, and aerial shoot

These organ systems are interdependent and rely upon each other

What are the functions of the root system?

Anchors plant in the soil

Absorbs and transports minerals and water

stores food

What are the functions of root hairs, and what are they made from?

They increase root surface area for more absorption of minerals and water

They are extensions of epidermal cells

What are the main functions/parts of the shoot system?

Stems support and separate leaves and flowers

Leaves photosynthesize

Flowers allow plant to reproduce

Buds are underdeveloped shoots

(blank) roots, part of the shoot system store food as (blanks)

modified

carbohydrates (or starch)

What are the three main tissue systems in a plant?

Dermal tissue system

Vascular tissue system

Ground tissue system

What is the function of the dermal tissue system? How does it work?

Protective covering, first line of defense to infection and damage

Contains tiny pores which allow for gas exchange and water vapor loss

Outermost part is called the epidermis

What is the function of the vascular tissue system?  What are its two main parts? Where is it situated?

Acts as a transporter between root and shoot system, like veins

Contains the xylem and the phloem

Xylem is the outermost part of the system, while the phloem exists in small packages within the xylem

This tissue system exists within the dermal tissue, and is surrounded by the ground tissue system

What is the function of the ground tissue system? What are the two types?

It encloses the epidermis and vascular tissues: is the space between the two

Internal to Vascular tissue: pith, role is food storage

External to vascular tissue: cortex, role is photosynthesis, storage, and support

Plant growth allows plants to continuously increase exposure to what three things?

Light, air, soil

How are flowering plants categorized? What are the three main "categories"?

Length of life cycle

Annuals: life cycle complete in a year or less

Biennials: Complete life cycle in 2 years

Perennials: live and reproduce continuously

study ppt diagrams

The male part of a flower is called the (blank) and its job (in reproduction) is to (blank).

It is consistent of which main structures?

Stamen

bear and releases pollen

Anther (the tip where the pollen is released)

Filament (the stem that holds the anther upright)

The female reproductive part of the flower is called the (blank). Its main components are:

Carpel

Stigma, Style, Ovary

(Blank) plant body houses cells in meiotic division in anthers and ovules

This produces (blank) cells called spores

Diploid

Haploid

Define diploid and haploid

Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes.

Haploid: having one set of chromosomes. An example are gametes, which are sperm and egg cells. These cells only contain half the full set of DNA.

What part (cells) of a flower are haploid?

Spores

How do spores become multi-cellular plant offspring? What are these offspring called?

They divide my mitosis

Gametophyte

Gametophyte produces (blanks) by mitosis. What are (same blank)?

Gametes

A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to sexually reproduce

After pollination, (blank) of male and female gametes occurs in the (blank) of ovary

fertilization

ovule

Fertilized ovule, containing (blank) central cell and (blank) zygote develops into (blank)

triploid- contains 3 sets of chromosomes

diploid- contains 2 sets of chromosomes

Seed

Ovary matures into (blank) as seeds develop

What other two things happen?

fruit

flowers drop

ovary wall thickens

Fruits are adaptations for what?

Seed dispersal

Seed germination (blanks) plant life cycle

Seeds contain what?

Resumes

miniature plants with embryonic root and shoot systems

Germination usuallt begins with what, causing what to happen?

Water uptake

The seed coat ruptures

During germination, monocot cotyledon absorbs (blank) nutrients to push (blank) above soil

endosperm

shoot

Eudicots digest (blanks) in (blanks) to grow root (blank), and push cotyledons (blank)

nutrients

cotyledons

downward

upward

After germination occurs, what happens?

The above ground shoots start photosynthesis

When is asexual reproduction in plants advantageous?

When there is a fit parent: it can clone copies of itself, and its offspring will be less fragile than seedlings

Define fragmentation. When/how is this useful for farmers?

Separation of parent parts that develop into whole plant (e.g galic cloves can be planted)

Useful for growers to produce large numbers of plants with minimal effort and expense

Can plants reproduce both sexually and asexually?

yes

Define clone. What is an example of a clone in relation to plants?

Group of genetically identical organisms

Sprouts develop into small trees with their own root system separate from the parent tree they broke off from.