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Bio 150
exam 1
110
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/29/2007

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Term
theories
Definition
ideas with great explanatory power
Term
natural selection
Definition
differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from natural interactions with the environment. evolution occurs when natural selection produces changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool.
Term
individual variation
Definition
individuals in a population vary in many traits (Nat select)
Term
overproduction and competition
Definition
population of species has potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own, thus, competition is inevitable
(Nat select)
Term
unequal reproductive success
Definition
individuals are unequal in their likelihood of surviving and reproducing (inferred from individual variation and overproduction and competition)
(nat select)
Term
evolutionary adaptation
Definition
accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
(nat select)
Term
natural selection
Definition
occurs as heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others.
Term
discovery science
Definition
verifiable observations and measurements, can lead to important conclusions based on inductive reasoning (from specific to general)
Term
hypothesis-based science
Definition
uses deductive reasoning (from general to specific) and hypothesis-or tentative answer to some question
Term
evolutionary adaptations
Definition
inherited traits that enhance as organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Term
evolution
Definition
the changes in organisms over time that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to the diversity we see today
Term
descent with modification
Definition
Darwin's initial phrase for general process of evolution
Term
artificial selection
Definition
the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals.
Term
paleontologists
Definition
scientists who study fossils
Term
375-myo casts of ammonites
Definition
happen when the minerals harden that into replicas of an organism
Term
fossil record
Definition
ordered array in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rocks
Term
strata
Definition
rock layers
Term
biogeography
Definition
the geographic distribution of species
Term
comparative anatomy
Definition
the comparison of body structures in different species, gives signs of common descent
Term
homology
Definition
similarities in characteristics that result from common ancestry
Term
homologous structures
Definition
features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry.
Term
vestigial organs
Definition
structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism, remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism's ancestors (small hind-leg and foot bones of whales, pelvis and leg bones for snakes)
Term
comparative embryology
Definition
comparision of early stages of development, major source of evidence for common descent of organisms
Term
molecular biology
Definition
enables microbiologists to read a molecular history of evolution in the DNA sequences of organisms. if two species have genes with sequences that match closely, biologists conclude they must have been inherited from a relatively recent common ancestor, and the more differences in sequences, the less likely they share a common ancestor.
Term
radiometric dating
Definition
based on the measurement of certain radioactive isotopes. fossils contain isotopes of elements that accumulated when the organisms were alive. knowing the half-life of a radioactive isotope and the ratio of radioactive to stable isotope in a fossil enables us to tell how old the fossil is.
Carbon-14 young fossils
potassium-40-older fossils
has an error factor of plus or minus 10%
Term
continental drift
Definition
all land on earth was once one great mass, which broke up into continents that drifted like rafts to their present positions
(Alfred Wegener)
Term
pangaea
Definition
all land, 250 mya, near end of Paleozoic era, when plate movements brought all landmasses together into the supercontinent Wegener had originally proposed.
Term
plate tectonics
Definition
the forces involved in the movement of earth's plates and the geologic processes that result
Term
plate tectonics
Definition
describes the forces involved in the movement of Earth's plates and the geologic processes that result.
crustal processes make mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes, tsunamis, islands.
Term
stromatolites
Definition
rocklike structures, composed of many layers of bacteria mats and sediment
Term
ribozymes
Definition
RNAs, can carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions, help in RNA replication
Term
ribozymes
Definition
RNAs, can carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions, help in RNA replication
Term
RNA world
Definition
the hypothetical period in the evolution of life when RNA served as both rudimentary genes and the sole catalytic molecules
Term
protobiont
Definition
crucial step in origin of life, isolation of a collection of abiotically treated molecules within a membrane. have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced compounds
Term
membrane infolding
Definition
a process eukaryotic cells arose from, the eukaryotic cell's endomembrane system-all the membrane-enclosed organelles except mitochondria and chloroplasts-evolved from outward folds of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell.
this developed nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
second process of eukaryotic cell creation.
generated mitochondria and chloroplasts.
a process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic relationships between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones.
Term
symbiosis
Definition
a close association between organisms of two or more species
Term
protists
Definition
a diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
includes: algae, protozoans
Term
algae
Definition
protist, synthesize their food by photosynthesis
Term
protozoans
Definition
kind of protist
heterotrophic, eating bacteria and other protists
some protists can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, depending on availability of light and nutrients. some protists are fungus-like and obtain organic molecules by absorption
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
reproductive process that involves fertilization, the union of a sperm and egg
Term
life cycle
Definition
development, from a fertilized egg to a new adult organism, is one phase of a multicellular organism's life cycle, the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next, reproduction is the other part.
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
the production of an offspring by a single parent, without the participation of the sperm and egg, some organisms that normally reproduce sexually, like plants, can be induced to reproduce asexually in the lab
Term
chromosomes
Definition
structures that contain most of the organism's DNA
Term
cell division
Definition
the reproduction of cells, what perpetuation of life is based on
Term
binary fission
Definition
cell division where the cell divides in half
Term
charophyceans
Definition
a lineage of green algae, member of the green algael group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. they are considered the closest relatives of land plants
Term
plantae
Definition
the kingdom that contains plants
Term
Cambrian explosion
Definition
the short time period of 15 my when many animal body plans and new phyla appear. some bizarre. could have happened cause of ecologic causes like hard body coverings or geologic changes like atmoshpheric oxygen high enough to support metabolism of more mobile animals, genetic causes-Hox complex of regulatory genes
Term
hox genes
Definition
play important role in development of animal embryos
Term
binary fission
Definition
dividing in half, this is how prokaryotes reproduce, a means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal size.
Term
cell division
Definition
the reproduction of cells.
Virchow's principle: every cell from a cell. the perpetuation of all life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division.
Term
chromatin
Definition
diffuse mass of long thin fibers which chromosomes exist as, a combination of DNA and protein molecules
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
one of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell
Term
centromere
Definition
the region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. the centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis
Term
anaphase
Definition
the fourth stage of mitosis, begins when sister chromatids separate from eachother and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell
Term
cell cycle
Definition
an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. growing stage (interphase) and actual cell division (mitotic phase).
Term
mitotic phase (M phase)
Definition
the part of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides, accounts for only 10% of the total time required for the cell cycle.
divided into two parts: mitosis and cytokinesis, although mitosis begins before first one ends.
Term
mitosis
Definition
the nucleus and its contents, including the duplicated chromosomes, divide and are evenly distributed to form two daughter nuclei.
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
the cytoplasm divides in two
Term
prophase
Definition
1st stage of mitosis,
Term
prometophase
Definition
2nd stage of mitosis
Term
metaphase
Definition
3rd stage of mitosis
Term
telophase
Definition
5th stage of mitosis
Term
mitotic spindle
Definition
a football-shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes in mitosis
Term
centrosomes
Definition
clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles, from which spindle microtubules emerge.
Term
cleavage furrow
Definition
a shallow groove in the cell surface
Term
cell plate
Definition
a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during photokinesis
Term
anchorage dependency
Definition
most animal cells have this-they must be in contact with a solid surface-such as the inside of a culture dish or the extracellular matrix of a tissue-to divide.
Term
density-dependent inhibition
Definition
when animal cells growing on the surface of a dish multiply to form a single layer and usually stop dividing when they touch one another
Term
growth factor
Definition
protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide
most cells require growth factors in order to begin dividing, and they stop dividing when they run out of these substances
Term
somatic cell
Definition
a typical body cell with 46 chromosomes
any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg
Term
homologous chromosomes
Definition
the two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell
homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. one homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
Term
locus
Definition
the particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.
Term
sex chromosomes
Definition
a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female.
Term
autosomes
Definition
a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism, in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than x or y
Term
diploid cell
Definition
in an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, 2 n cell.
Term
gametes
Definition
a sex cell, haploid egg or sperm, the union of two gametes of opposite sex
Term
haploid cell
Definition
in the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes, an n cell
Term
zygote
Definition
the fertilized egg which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus
Term
chiasma
Definition
a place where two homologous non-sister chromatids are attached to each other
Term
crossing over
Definition
an exchange of corresponding segments between two homologous chromosomes
Term
karyotype
Definition
an ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs, starting with the longest.
can use this to detect offspring with chromosomal abnormalities
Term
trisomy 21
Definition
three number 21 chromosomes, making 47 in total, usually spontaneously aborted before birth, makes Down Syndrome, most common chromosome abnormality, 1 in 700, shorter life span, mental retardation, most sexually underdeveloped and sterile, 50% chance of transmitting syndrome to child, incidence increases with age of mother
Term
self-fertilize
Definition
the fusion of sperm and egg produced by same organism
Term
cross-fertilization
Definition
fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant
Term
true-breeding
Definition
varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring all identical to the parent
Term
hybrids
Definition
offspring of two different varieties, cross fertilization is hybridization or a cross
Term
cross
Definition
hybridization
Term
P generation
Definition
true-breeding parental plants
Term
F1 generation
Definition
f for filial/son,
hybrid offspring
Term
F2 generation
Definition
when F1 generation self-fertilizes or fertilizes each other, their offspring are called this
Term
monohybrid cross
Definition
parent plants differ in only one characteristics
Term
alleles
Definition
alternative versions of a gene
Term
homozygous
Definition
having two identical alleles for a given gene
Term
heterozygous
Definition
having two different alleles for a given gene
Term
dominant allele
Definition
one that determines organism's appearance
Term
recessive allele
Definition
has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance
Term
law of segregation
Definition
sperm and egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring
Term
Punnett Square
Definition
shows four possible combinations of gametes
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic makeup
Term
phenotype
Definition
an organism's expressed/physical traits
Term
dihybrid cross
Definition
what would result from a mating of parental varieties differing in two characteristics, equivalent to two monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously
Term
Mendel's law of independent assortment
Definition
each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
Term
complete dominance
Definition
the dominant allele had the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes of two parental varieties
Term
ABO blood group
Definition
phenotype in humans involving three alleles of a single gene, in various combos, these three alleles produce various bloodtypes, OAB OR AB
letters refer to two carbs found on surface of red blood cells
Term
polygenic inheritance
Definition
additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic
Term
pleiotropy
Definition
a single gene affects several characteristics
Term
chromosome theory of inheritance
Definition
genes occupy specific loci (positions) on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis
thus it is the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization that accounts for inheritance patterns
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