Term
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Definition
| proposes that all organisms are made of cells and that all cells come from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the cell in cork in 1665 |
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Term
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Definition
| one of first observed single-celled organisms - Leeuwenhoek |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly organized compartment that is bounded by a thin flexible structure called a plasma membrane and that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous (watery) solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| disproved spontaneous generation for all cells from cells hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection causes the divergence of species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| effort to name and classify organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| first part of Linnean naming system - closely related gropu of species: ex. Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| second part of the Linnean naming system, made up of individuals that regularly breed together or have characteristics that are distinct from those of other species: ex. sapiens. |
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Definition
| Linnaen 3rd level up: ex. Hominidae |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th up in Linnaen, ex. Primates |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th up in Linnaen: ex. Mammalia |
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Term
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Definition
| 6th up in Linnaen: ex. Chordata |
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Term
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Definition
| 7th up in Linnaen: ex. Animalia |
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Definition
| (most broad to least) Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species- Kinky Phone Calls Of Farmers Get Sexy |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| attempt to understand the relationships among organisms by analyzing their chemical components - their actual genealogical relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that is found in all organisms, used for phylogeny studies |
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Term
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Definition
| shows relationships among species, branches that are close to one another represent species that are closely related (compare rRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Woese named
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled prokaryotes, a domain |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposition that early in Earth's history, simple chemical compounds in the atmosphere and ocean combined to form larger, more complex substances. As a result, the chemistry of the oceans and atmosphere changed over time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 96% Of Atoms That Make Up Organisms |
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Definition
| Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of Element with different number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atomic Mass Unit (amu)/Dalton |
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Definition
| 1 amu = proton mass = neutron mass |
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Term
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Definition
| each has distinctive shape, can hold up to two electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| orbital levels, lowest number closest to nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost electron shell of atom |
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Term
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Definition
| found in valence shell, outermost electron shell of atom |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of unpaired electrons found in an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| strong attractions that bind atoms together (by attempting to fill valence shells - makes more stable) |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. two hydrogen atoms -- attractive forced overcome repulsive forces, represented by a dash |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that are held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond that is symmetrical, all atoms have same electronegativity, atoms have no charge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Order of electronegativity in the Four most abundant elements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| symbolizes partial charges (-/+) |
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Term
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Definition
| Uneven sharing of electrons, atoms have partial charges |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons are transferred from one atom to the other - ex. NaCl or tablesalt, atoms have full charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms that carry an electric charge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| indicate which atoms are bonded together symbolized with dashes |
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Term
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Definition
| one substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance |
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Term
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Definition
| 6.022 x 10^23, mass of one mole of any molecule is the same as its molecular weight expressed in grams |
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Term
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Definition
| a homogenous (uniform) mixture of one or more substances dissolved in a liquid - concentration expressed in molarity |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of moles of the substance present per liter of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent for getting substances into solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the overall distribution of charge is asymemetrical like water |
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Term
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Definition
| like ions and polar moleecules - stay in aqueous solution because of their interactions with water's partial charges with hydrogen bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that do not interact with water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elastic like surface highest in water caused by resistance to increase surface area |
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Term
| population group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge and form new species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form-science, species fall into the two broad categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, archaea, eukarya - domains |
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Term
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Definition
| contents of a cell contains a high concentration of solutes, in most habitats it is hypertonic relative to the surrounding environment |
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Term
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Definition
| resists pressure of osmosis, stiff - bacterial and archaeal are tough, fibrous layer that surrounds teh plasma membrane gives shape and rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that contain carbohydrate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA that contains the info for building an RNA molecule or a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| where the chromosome of a prokaryotic cell is found, 20% of cells volume |
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Term
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Definition
| supercoiled DNA molecule, contain genes but are physically independent of the main, cellular chromosome. - help with unusual conditions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rotate to power swimming in aquatic species |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound compartment in the cytoplasm that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| made of protein filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| among largest organelles, highly organized, enclosed by a unique structure - a complex double membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| complex double membrane that encloses nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous proteins that form a lattice-like sheet on the inside surface of the nuclear envelope (which is also studded with pore like openings) |
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Term
|
Definition
| in nucleus, where the RNA molecules found in ribosomes are manufactured and the large and small ribosomal subunits are assembled |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| thousands of ribosomes are attached to a network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| the interior of any sac like structure in a cel or body |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened membranous sacs called cisternae which are stacked on top of one another, distinctly polarized - cis surface closest to Rough ER and nucleus receives products and the trans side ships them towards the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| small sacs in Golgi apparatus - flattened and membraneous, package ER's products |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids, manufacturing site for phospholipids used in cell membranes, resevoir for calcium ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum - primary center for protein and lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| single membrane and grow and divide independently, center for oxidation reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the products of photosynthesis into a sugar to store energy,, type of peroxisome |
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Term
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Definition
| major structures involved in the solid-waste processing and materials storage, in animals digestive center, interior is acidic, |
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Term
| phagocytosis and autophagy |
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Definition
| one for food and one for damaged cells to digest in lysosome |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| forms lysosome? and recycles materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| pinching off of the plasma membrane that resultes in teh uptake of material from outside the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of endocytosis, along with phagocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis, brings in fluid via tiny vesicles that form from infoldings of the plasma membrane - used other places than lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| plant and fungal cells, large, sometimes hold toxins, proteins, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces ATP, has two membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| sac-like structures inside inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
| solution inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| algal and plant cells, sunlight is converted to chemical energy, double membrane, the inside is dominated by hundreds of thylakoids |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound, flattened vesicles inside the chloroplast |
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Term
|
Definition
| pancake piles of tylakoids |
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Term
|
Definition
| area outside thylakoids in chloroplast |
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Term
| Differential Centrifugation |
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Definition
| a method of characterizing basic size and shape of organelles and where they occur in the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a homogenous/uniform mixture of one or more substances dissolved in a liquid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of moles of the substance present per liter of oslution |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of moles of the substance present per liter of oslution |
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Term
|
Definition
| an agent for getting substances into solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| meaning that the overall distrbiution of charge is assymetrical |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celcius |
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Term
|
Definition
| the energy required to change one gram of its from liquid to gas |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that give up protons during chemical reactions and raise the hydrogen ion concentration of water |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules or ions that acquire protons during chemical reactions and lower the hydrogen ion concentration of water |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical reaction involving a transfer of protons is called |
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Term
|
Definition
| logarithmic notation for the concentration of protons in a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| initial atoms or molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Dynamic but stable state where the reactants and products remain constant but not necessarily equal |
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Term
|
Definition
| set of interacting elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| liquid water molecules absorb enough heat, they transform to the gaseous state - heat is absorbed during the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| releases heat - like vapor to ice |
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Term
|
Definition
| capacity to do work or to supply heat |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| kinetic energy of molecular mtoion |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of how much thermal energy its molecules possess |
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Term
|
Definition
| transferred thermal energy |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy is conserved - cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred and transformed |
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Term
| Spontaneous Chemical Reaction |
|
Definition
| if they proceed on their own, without any continuous external influence such as added energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of disorder in a group of molecules |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| entropy always increases in an isolated system |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in G, = change in heat minus (temperature KALVIN times change in entropy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous reactions, change in G is less than zero |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonspontaneous reactions, change in G is greater than zero |
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Term
|
Definition
| atoms that result from broken apart molecules (when electrons are broken by photons for example) - EXTREMELY REACTIVE |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy stored in chemical bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules containing carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
| critically important H-, N-, and O-containing groups found in organic compounds are |
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Term
| Amino and Carboxyl Functional Groups |
|
Definition
| attract or drop a proton, respectively - make up amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of reactions that link molecules to larger more complex compounds - found on aldehyde and ketone molecules - forms things like sugar ribose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| carry two negative charges, |
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Term
|
Definition
| sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, can link together via disulfide bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| building block molecules accumulated in the shallow waters of the ancient ocean forming complex solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein that functions as a catalyst (speeding up) |
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Term
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Definition
| 21 make up proteins - a central carbon, bonded to an amino functional group, a hydrogen atom and a side chain or R-group |
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Term
|
Definition
| same molecular formula, different structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| same atoms but difffer in order in which covalenty bonded atoms are attached |
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Term
|
Definition
| same atoms but differ in teh arrangement of atoms or groups on either side of a double bond or ring structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| same atoms but differ in the arrangement of atoms or groups around a carbon atom that has four different groups attached |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecular subunit such as an amino acid, nucleotide, or sugar |
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Term
|
Definition
| when monomers bond together |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of linking monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| very large molecule that is made up of smaller molecules joined togehter |
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Term
|
Definition
| macromolecule, a polymer, that consists of linked amino acid monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dehydration reactions, how monermers polymerize, newly formed bond results in loss of a water molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino acids polymerize when a bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, the C-N bond that results |
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Term
|
Definition
| amino acids when linked in a polypeptide chain |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Fewer than fifty amino acids linked together |
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Term
|
Definition
| unique sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| next level of organization in proteins, created part by hydrogen bonding, distinctively shaped sections of proteins that are stabilized largely by hydrogen bonding that occurs between teh carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid residue and hte hydrogen on the amino group of another |
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Term
|
Definition
| polypeptides backbone is coiled, type of secondary structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| segments of a peptide chain bend 180 degrees and then fold in the same plane - type of secondary struture |
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Term
|
Definition
| results from interactions between R groups or between R groups in the peptide backbone, composed of secondary structures |
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Term
| Van der Waals interactions |
|
Definition
| once teh hydrophobic side chains are close to each other, they are stabilized by electrical attractions known as |
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Term
|
Definition
| create strong links between distinct regions of the same polypeptide, two sulfur |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combination of polypeptide subunits gives proteins... |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| folding is often facilitated by specific proteins called ____ who belong to a family of molecules called the heat-shock proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| reactant molecules for enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| combination of old and new bonds created by enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy required to reach the transition state |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increases the rate of the reaction - not consumed in the chemical reaction even though it participates |
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Term
|
Definition
| belongs to enzyme, where substrates bind and react |
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Term
|
Definition
| many enzymes undergo a significant change in shape or conformation when reactant molecules bind to the active site |
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Term
|
Definition
| atoms or molecules that are not part of the enyme's primary structure that are required for it to function normally |
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Term
|
Definition
| cofactors that are small organic molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule binds to active site mimicking substrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulation caused by competitive inhibition |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma membrane layer of molecules that surrounds teh cell separating it from the external environment and selectively regulating the passage of molecules and ions into or out of the cell |
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Term
| transmission electron microscopes |
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Definition
| Bangham was able to prpoduce high magnification, high resolution images of his lipid-water mixtures with this tool |
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Term
|
Definition
| from transmission electron microscopes - images |
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Term
|
Definition
| catch all term for carbon containing compounds that are found in organisms and are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic - dissolve in liquids consisting of nonpolar organic compounds - defined by solubility |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules that only contain hydrogen and carbons such as isoprene and octane - nonpolar - hydrophobic - reason lipids dont dissolve in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to acarboxyl function group, key building block of lipids found in organisms along with isoprene |
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|
Term
| Fats/Triacylglycerols/Triglycerides |
|
Definition
| three fatty acids linked to a threecarbon molecule called glycerol, type of lipid-form when dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of a fatty acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| in fats, join glycerol hydroxyl and carboxyl of fatty acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of lipid, four ring structure with differentiating tail - ex. cholesterol |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipid - glycerol that is linked to a phosphate group and to two chains of isoprene or two fatty acids, --- AMPHIPATHIC, OH GOSH |
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Term
|
Definition
| compounds that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements, like the membrane forming lipids |
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Term
|
Definition
| created when two sheets of phospholipid molecules align, hydrophilic heads in each layer face a surrounding solution while the hydrophobic tails face one another - tend to form when phospholipids have bulkier tails |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to allow a given substance to pass across it |
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Term
|
Definition
| double bond exists between two carbon atoms in ;a hydrocarbon chain |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrocarbon chains without double bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| example of lipid who is solid at room temp because lipids have extremely long hydrocarbon tails |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| dissolved molecules and ions- thermal energy and are in constant random motion! |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of molecules and ions that results from the kinetic energy of solutes |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference in solute concentrations |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water - from higher to lower concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| outside having more solutes - water moves out - cell shrinks |
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Term
|
Definition
| more solute on the inside, water comes in, cell swells |
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Term
|
Definition
| equal solute inside and outside |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposition that at least some proteins span the membrane instead of being found only outside the lipid bilayer |
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|
Term
| scanning electron microscope |
|
Definition
| to view membrane, produces images of an objects surface |
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|
Term
| integral membrane proteins or transmembrane proteins |
|
Definition
| proteins with segments facing both the interior and exterior surfaces |
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|
Term
| peripheral membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| found only on one side of the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| channels, transporters, and pumps |
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Term
|
Definition
| what ions move in response to - combined concentration and electrical gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
| peptide or protein that makes lipid bilayers permeable to ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| open and close in response to the binding of a particular molecule or to a change in the electrical charge on teh outside of the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| powered by diffusion along an electrochemical gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
| the passive transport of substances that are otherwise would not cross a membrane readily |
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|
Term
| carrier proteins/transporters |
|
Definition
| change shape during the processes, cause facilitated diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport against the electrochemical gradiant |
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Term
|
Definition
| the nuclear envolope contains thousands of openings - each is made by over fifty different proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| parasites that use the clel's machinery to ake copies of themselves |
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|
Term
| nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
|
Definition
| zipcode requiredby proteins to get through nuclear pore complex - molecular address tag |
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Term
|
Definition
| experimental approach to research "secretory pathway" from ER to leaving the cell, providescels with large concentration of radioactively labeled molecules for a short time, labels all proteins synthesized at this time, then unlabeled amino acid, testing done by Palade, supports hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| predicted that rpteins bound for the endomembrane system have a zip code analogous to the nuclear localization signal |
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Term
|
Definition
| 20 amino acids "send to ER" signal -- supports signal hypothesis |
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|
Term
| Signal Recognition Partical (SRP) |
|
Definition
| send-to-ER signal , action begins when a ribosome synthesizes the ER signal sequence, which then binds to this in teh cytosol |
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Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate groups added to proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| after glycosylation occurs you get... |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreting contents to the outsite of the plasma membrane, act of a vesicle |
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|
Term
| Four Types of Macromolecules that are prominent in today's cells |
|
Definition
| proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids |
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Term
|
Definition
| monomers called monosaccharides (one sugar), small polymers called oligosacharides (few sugars), and the large molymers called polysaccharides(many sugars) -- called this due to chemical formula in many of these molecules (CH20)n, n = number of carbon hydrate groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| simple sugar, monomer - carbonyl group forms an aldehyde sugar (aldose) or ketone sugar ketose (if within carbon chain) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| six carbon sugare, ex glucose used by blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymers that form when monosaccharides are linked together -complex carbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydroxyl groups on two monosaccharides undergo condensation reaction to form a bond -- forms polysaccharides -- can be formed at different locations since they are a bond of hydroxyl groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| entirely of alpha glucose monomers, monosaccharides, in plants, amylopectin-unbranched and amylose-branched |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals - polymer of alpha glucose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| protective sheet that occurs outside the membrane primarily composed of one or more polysaccharides |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of plant cell wall, polmer of beta glucose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| structural Polysaccharide in Fungi and Animals, stiffens cell walls, external skeletons, N-acetylglocosamine NAc - monomers, |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a structural polysaccharide in bacteria, cell walls, most complex, chain of amino acids attached, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules project outward from teh cell surface into the surrounding environment, a protein that is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate, usually relatively short chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides - glycoproteins are like a PIN identifies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| kinetic energy in sunlight is converted to chemcal energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates via this process |
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Term
|
Definition
| spends energy that carbs store |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| most important enzyme involved in catalyzing the hydrolysis of alpha glycosidic linkages in glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes breaking alpha glycosidic linkages in starch |
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