evolved from green alga

similar to multicell green alga Chara

green plants

closest relatives to land plants (land plants evolve from them)

contain: antheridium (sperm), oogonium (egg) capped of by a crown of cells

"green plants"

ancestors to land plants and multicellularity

green algae, charophyceans, embryophytes

*charophyceans are green algae

1. embryophytes are monophyletic origin

2. freshwater ancestor is the charophyte which is a green alga

3. embryophytes have alternation of generations (NOT charophytes)

1. lack of water

2. potential damaging UV light

3. extreme temp

4. no buoyancy (gas environment doesnt support plant structure)

1. unfiltered sunlight from water and plankton

2. lots of CO2

3. nutrient-rich soil

4. few consumers/pathogens

5. no competition

nonvascular

bryophyta (moss)

heptophyta (liverwort)

anthocerophyta (hornwort)

vascular

seedless

lycophyta (club moss)

pterophyta (ferns, horsetails)

seed

gymnosperms

coniferophyta (conifers)

cycadophyta (cycads)

ginkgophyta (ginkgo)

gnetophyta (gnetae)

angiosperms

anthophyta (flowering plants)

trends of land plants

as land plants evolve (go from nonvascular to vascular)....

1. high water requirement to low water requirement

2. no cuticle to cuticle

3. large gametophytes to microscopic gametophtes

specialized tissue for transportation from roots to shoots, using:

1. xylem (water, dissolved minerals)

2. phloem (sugar-rich sap)

polyester and wax polymer coating on epithelial tissue

waterprrofs and protexts plant from microbes

first woody plants

first plants with water conducting vessels

oldest flowering plants

375 mya

250 mya

125 mya

1. embryo stage in life cycle

2. multicell sporophyte (2n - diploid)

3. cuticle (not chitin)

4. multicell reproductive structures (antheridia is sperm, archegonia is eggs, sporangia is spore bearing)

5. diversity

no xylem or phloem

no roots or true leaves

1n gametophyte is dominant in life cycle (they live longer and are larger than sporophyte)

liverworts (9000 species)

hornworts (100 species)

mosses (1500 species)

1. pioneer plants (bare rock and soil development)

2. reduce erosion (thick carpet in forests/bogs)

3. retain and release water (like sponge)

4. provide habitat (orther plants, animals, N2 fixing cyanobacteria)

5. bioindicators (readily absorb whatever is around them, absorb pollution and environmental degredation)

nonvascular 

"first threads"

one-celled thick filaments

haploid growing from spores

large surface area enhancing absorption of water/minerals

nonvascular

form huge mats near streams, extremely prolific, produce microhabitats for other organisms to grow

thalloid - flattened - looks like a liver

division/phylum Hepatophyta

small (2-20 mm wide)

highly dependent on water (close to wet ground)

 sexual

big lettuce looking shit is gametophyte

sperm must swim to egg, need water medium

acutual sporophyte is the small tree thing coming off the gametophyte (looks like a coconut tree) - only 500 um

gemmae cups (haploid)

gemmae - small disc-shaped propagules produced in the base of the cups

gemmae splash out of the cups by falling water droplets (rain)

each gemma can develop directly into a new gametophyte thallus

base of food chain

primary producers - photoautotrophic (capture sunlight providing carbs)

eaten by primary consumers (herbavoires)

in mojave desert, plants are either perennial (live one year to next) or annual (lives for short period of time when season of water, seeds are put down when dead and wait for water)

desert have pulses of growth where germination occurs (called resource pulses)

animals rely on pulses (eat only once a year)

plants used for shade, protection, shelter

freeliving gametophyte

unprotected embryo

flagellated male gametes

gametophyte is attached to parent plant

embryo protected by hard seed coat (integument)

male gametes are mostly unflagellated

gametophytes are attached to parent plant

embryo protected by hard seed coat (integument) and ovary wall (carpel wall)

unflagellated male gametes

1. lycophytes (club mosses) - 400 mya, 1250 living species, sexual/asexual

2. pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) - 360-400 mya, 12000 species, sexual/asexual

1. vascular

2. stems, roots, leaves

3. sporophyte dominant

4. up to 2 cm tall

5. strobili - cone-like sporophylls (mod leaves that produce spores

350 mya

dominated by lycophtes (who were giant woody trees)

extinct after carboniferous

1. up to 20 m tall

2. fronds have spores

3. sporophyte is dominant

4. haploid spores on underside of fronds

5. fronds unfurl ("fiddleheads")

climbing fern on NJ pines

1. fern allies

2. up to 8 m tall

3. strobili

1. protists (2.1 bya)

2. vascular plants (408 mya)

1. 350 mya

2. dominated by seedless vascular plants (lycophytes, ferns, horestails)

3. photosynthesis removed CO2, increasing O2

4. global cooling

5. widespread glacier formation

6. formation of coal deposits

1. gymnosperms

2. angiosperms

1. 305 mya

2. 270 species

3. sexual reproduction

4. monoecious (conifers) or dioecious (all others)

5. naked seeds

1. 120-130 mya

2. 250,000 species

3. sexual reproduction

4. monocot vs. dicot

1. coniferophyta

2. cyeadophyta

3. ginkgophyta

4. gnetophyta

bearing pine cones

cali redwoods, coulter pine

desert adaptive species, not alot of rainfall, poor soil

found in grand canyon

has thick cuticles

naked seeds, interesting leaves

introduced after dutch elms got eliminated

strange cones grow from base upwards (produced by photosynthesis)

big piles of dust polinate from male to female

male cone and female cones

ovary protects egg so pollen of anther must be put into stigma (sticky surface)

pollen starts growing into tissue of carpel

growth of pollen grain is growing downward into ovary into ovule producing a zygote

reduced the need for standing water, no need for swimming sperm

allows angiosperms to live in diverse places

morphological classification, reinforced by genetics

monocot (corn plants): one seed leaf, scattered vascular bundles, 3 flower parts/petals, parallel leaf veins

dicot (alfalfa plants): two seed leaves, ringed vascular bundles, 4/5 flower parts/petals, reticulate leaf veins

flowering plants co-evolve with animals for pollination

Darwin theorized that there was a close relationship between pollinator animals and the structure of plants

1. honeybees

2. hummingbirds

3. nocturnal animals

sheep skull - long teeth to avoid wearing down while eating "tough" plants

grasses - concentrate silicates and have high concentrations of structural carb to deter herbivory

1. diploid (gametes are haploid, fertilzation producing diploid zygotes, mitosis produces diploid multicell organism, meiosis produces gametes)

2. multicell 

3. chemoheterotrophs (obtain nutrition from consuming others, consumers)

4. developed from a blastula (cept sponges; unique to animals)

active feeder - turtles (moves around)

sedentary feeder - sponge (filters shit)

evolved from choanoflagellates (sessile/non-moving chitin-producing protist)

565 mya

relationship - water flows through choanoflagellates with food particles so its absorbed by it; water flows through sponge and interior absorbs food particles

1. body symmetry (asymmetry to radial to bilaterial)

2. number of embryonic tissues present (0 to 2 to 3)

3. evolution of body cavity

4. embryonic development (protostome to deuterostome)

1. parts radiate from center

2. if slice through center, would divide animal into mirror images

3. has top and bottom (oral and aboral sides)

4. no head/posterior end

5. no left/right

1. straight down middle - single plane of symmetry

2. anterior and posterior end

3. right and left end

developmental stages of organisms

sponges have none (more a group of choanoflagellates)

jellies have 2

more complex organisms have 3

protostome: spiral, determinate clevage; schizocoelous so solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom; mouth develops from blastopore

deuterostome: radial, indeterminate cleavage; enterocoelous so folds of archenteron form coelom looking like mesodermal outpocketings of archenteron; anus develops from blastophore

1. choanoflagellates

2. sponges - porifera

3. jellyfish, sea anemones - cnidaria

4. comb jellies - ctenophora

5. flatworms - platyhimines

6. acoels - acoels

7. roundworms - nematodes

8. rotifers - rotifers

9. insects, spiders, crustaceons - arthopods

10. segmented worms - annelids

11. snails, clams, squid - mollusks

12. sea stars, sand dollars - enchinoderms

13. vertebrates, ascidians - chordata

565-525 mya

8 major phyla evolved (sponges, cnidarians, enchinoderms, chordates, brachiopods, annedlids, mollusks, anthropods)

rapid evolution/diversification of body forms - adaptive radiation (all major body plans of animals existed)

1. no tissues/organs

2. asymmetric

3. filter water with choanocytes

sponges

1. tissues

2. radial

3. polyp and medusa forms

4. no internal skeleton (use water pressure)

1. polyp adult form

2. no medusa stage ever

combs of cilia for propulsion in water

no polyp or medusa form, just a cylindrical shape

1. flatworms - platyhelminthes

2. acoels

3. roundworms - nematods

4. rotifers

5. arthropods

6. segmented worms - annelids

7. mollusks

8. sea stars, sand dollars - enchinoderms

lack body cavity btw digestive tract and ectoderm

tissue filled region from mesoderm outside digestive tract

body cavity fully lined by mesoderm tissue

allows for increased complexity of organ systems (gut, muscles, body wall, excretory tubes, diff digestive tract, intestines, nerve cords, ventral vessel)

1. segmented exoskelton

2. jointed appendages

3. increased division of labor of body parts

1. red crabs of christmas island

2. crustacea barnacles

3. chelicerates horse shoe crabs

1. midatlantic region spawning - delaware estruary is largest

2. predators are birds but shell protects them

3. medicinal uses

1. lysate - from blue copper based blood, used to test purity of medicines

2. coagulogen - from blood, forms gel-like clot upon bacterial infection, entraps bacteria

3. shell - chemicals used to speed blood clotting and absorbable sutures

over 1 mill species (3/4 of all known animals)

1. insects (750,000)

2. spiders (40,000)

3. centipedes (3,000)

4. crustaceans (45,000)

5. chelicerates (75,000)

6. others

1. coelom

2. prostostome development

3. segmented bodies

4. jointed appendages

5. chitinous exoskeleton

6. air tubes (O2 piped directly to cells)

7. highly developed sensory organs

8. increased cephalization

75,000 species

horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, etc.

airbreathing chelicerates (terrestrial)

live in dessert, sleep underground during day, come out during night

big predators - eat other scorpions, insects, etc.

arthropoda

extremely complex

6 pairs of appendages

book lung

750,000 species (more than all other life forms combined)

live in almost every terrestrial/freshwater habitat

head, thorax, abdomen

3 pairs of legs (usually 2 wings)

few live in marine ecosystems

1. larva (catepillar) - eating/growing, molting as it grows - consume milkweed "sap"

2. pupa - after several molts

3. later stage pupa - in pupa, larval tissues broken down and adult is built by division and diff of cells

4. emreging adult - emerge from pupal cuticle

5. adult - hemolymph pumped into veins of wings and then withdrawn, leaving hardened veins as struts supporting the wings

secondary radial symmetry (larvae are bilateral)

internal calcium carbonate skeleton

water vascular system

deuterostome development

developmental characteristics

differences in:

1. cell cleavage (radial)

2. coelom formation (from digestive tube)

3. anus develops from blastophore (opening of endoderm-lined cavity)

fringe area of a few meters between high and low water

aquatic organisms studied without special equipment - separation of speices based on tolerance to sunlight and desiccation