Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio 124 - Final
Final bro
103
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/15/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
evolution of chordates
Definition
tunicates, sea squirts, lancelets, jawless fishes
Term
tunicates
Definition

subphylum urochordata 

 

have chordate larval forms - have notocord, dorsal nerve cord, tail, and pharyngeal slits - adult form only has pharyngeal slits

 

ancestors to vertebrates (which are a subphylum of phylum chordata)

 

bilateral symmetry

 

deuterstomes

 

sea squirts from North Atlantic

 

dorsal hollow, nerve cord

Term
chordates (phylum chordata
Definition

deuterstome coelomates

 

ancestor to vertebrates (subphylum of chordata)

 

4 characteristics - nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail

 

bilateral

Term
nerve cord
Definition

dorsal, hollow

 

lies in dorsal position above digestive tract and notochord (unlike annelids/arthropods which has a solid nerve cord below digestive tract)

 

hollow - fluid filled central canal (neurocoel)

Term
notocord
Definition

below nerve cord

 

hydrostatic, elastic organ that resists compression but is laterally flexible

 

contains connective tissue sheath, collagenous sheath, and vacuoles in notochordal cells

 

lies above body cavity and is axially incompressible (resists shortening in length)

 

prevents collapse of body and muscle contractions on alternating sides efficiently flex the body in swimming strokes

Term
pharyngeal slits
Definition

connect pharynx (mouth tube) to external environment

 

more like pouches for terrestrial vertebrates

 

allows water entering mouth to exit body without passing through entire digestive tract

Term
postanal tail
Definition

extends beyond anus

 

provides propulsion for many aquatic species

 

tail lost during embryonic development in many chordates (Homo)

Term
chordate characteristics picture
Definition
[image]
Term
notochord cell
Definition
[image]
Term
nerve cord pic
Definition
[image]
Term
lancelets
Definition

subphylum cephalochordata

 

brain

Term
jawless fishes
Definition

450 mya

 

first fishes

Term
hagfishes
Definition

subphylum myxini - jawless fish

 

lack paired appendages

 

brain with a cranium or skull of cartilage

 

notochord persists in adults

 

Term
lampreys
Definition

subphylum vertebrata

 

first vertebrates - cephalaspidomorphi

 

cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord

 

cartilaginous projections extend from pipe upward and paritally enclose dorsal hollow nerve cord

Term
lampreys - attacking
Definition

fastens onto its prey and rasps out a hole with its rough tongue

 

anicoagulant in the lamprey's saliva keeps the wound open for hours or weeks, until teh lamprey is satiated or the host fish dies

Term
subphylum vertebrate
Definition

545 mya

 

vertebral column - replaces notocord

 

head - brain with 3 pairs sensory organs

 

neural crest - cells develop many structures

 

internal organs - closed circulatory system, unique excretory system

 

endoskeleton - cartilage or bone (strong but not brittle like chitin)

Term
extinct jawless fishes
Definition
490 to 438 mya
Term
evolution and diversity of vertebrates
Definition

1. cartilaginous fish

2. ray-finned fish

3. coelacanths

4. lungfishes

5. tetrapods - amphibians

Term
evolution of jaws
Definition

modification of existing structures

 

420 mya

 

skeleton of the jaw and supports evolved from two pairs of skeletal rods located btw gill slits that were near the mouth - pair of rods anterior to those that formed teh jaws were either lost or incorporated into the jaws

Term
more info on evolution of jaws
Definition

gills behind mouth supported by series of cartilage arches - in btw them were gill slits

 

jaws evolved from 1st gill arch on either side - folded over and joined in the midline to form upper/lower jaws

 

teeth - developed from skin that lined mouth

Term
evolution of backbone - evolution of two pairs of fins
Definition
yeah that happened after evolution of jaw
Term
placoderms and acanthodians
Definition

acanthodians - first vertebrates with jaws (420 mya)

 

devonian period - "age of fishes" (360-400 mya)

 

all extinct - later out - competed by bony fishes (360 mya)

Term
living cartilaginous fishes - class chondrichthyes
Definition

first gnathostomes (jaw mouth)

 

sharks, skates, rays, stingrays, chimaeras

 

dominant predators (evolution of jaws)

highly mobine (evolution of 2 pairs of fins)

 

out-competed later by marine reptiles (Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs)

Term
living osteichthyes (bony fish)
Definition

actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes

actinistia - lobe-finned fishes

diploi - lungfishes

Term
ray finned fishes
Definition

yellow perch - rays in dorsal fins, operculum, lateral line, pelvic fins, pectoral fins

 

long-snouted sea horse

Term
lobe-finned fishes - coelocanth is a "living fossil"
Definition

thought extinct until caught 1939 in south africa

 

ancient characteristics - well developed notochord, fleshy appendages, divided tail

Term
lungfish
Definition

has both lungs and gills

 

evolved lungs connected to pharynx (retained gills)

 

inhabit stagnant ponds (low oxygen)

 

habitats dry out - burrow mud to aestivate (summer sleep)

 

secrete skin mucus, hardens, forms cocoon (to resist water loss)

 

dominant predators in shallow freshwater habitats

 

ANCESTORS to AMPHIBIANS and all other TETRAPODS

Term
evolution of tetrapods - basal tetrapods or labryinthodonts
Definition

1. 415 mya - eusthenopteron - fleshy-finned fish

 

2. 400 mya - panderichthys - fleshy-finned fish, lacks dorsal and anal fins

 

3. 380 mya - acanthostega - labryithodont - ancient tetrapod - 4 footed fish with weight-bearing girdles; internal gills and lungs; aquatic

 

4. 370 - ichthyostega - tetrapod - no internal gills; lungs; aquatic when juvenile; terrestrial when adult

 

5. balanerpeton - tetrapod - more ossified limb girdles and limbs

Term
acanthostega
Definition

fish with tetrapod limb skeletal structure - 380 mya

 

fish - devonian tetrapod

 

aquatic vertebrate with gills as adult; appendages had tetrapod skeletal structure

 

Term
evolution of limbs - macroevolution
Definition
descent with modification - appearance of major developments
Term
tiktaalik
Definition
missing link between fins and limbs - transition
Term
first tetrapods
Definition
380 mya
Term
living amphibians
Definition

200 mya

 

monophyletic

 

salamander, frog, caecilian

 

adult skin must be kept moist

Term
evolution of terrestrial tetrapods
Definition

dessication (drying out) of body and respiratory structures

 

desiccation (drying out) of gametes, eggs

 

gravity

 

sensory organs go from water to air

 

feeding/excretion

Term
amphibian egg
Definition

jelly-covered egg must be kept moist - 1 extra-embryonic membrane

 

inside is the yolk which has the embryo

 

salamander, frog, caecilian

Term
amphibians evolved adaptations for egg care to avoid drying
Definition

male grasps female frogs

 

egg-guarding frogs

 

foam nest builders

 

specialized sites for egg deposition

 

parental care: mouth-brooding frogs

 

dorsal carrying of eggs

 

parental care: gastric-broodig frogs

 

live-bearing frogs

 

parental care - dorsal carrying of tadpoles

Term
adaptions - males grasps females
Definition
stimulating her to release eggs - eggs are laid and fertilized in water (wont desiccate in air)
Term
adaptions: egg-guarding frogs
Definition
females deposit eggs in the leaf litter and protects developing eggs from predators
Term
adaptions: foam nest builders
Definition

pustulosus

 

foam nest builders

 

protein protects from drying and provides antibacterial protection

Term
adaption: specialized sites for egg deposition
Definition

goldent rocket toad (costa rica)

 

threatened by ongoing forest loss

 

deposit eggs in bromeliad plants, larvae develop in puddles of water

Term
adaptions: mouth-brooding frogs
Definition

parental care - darwins frogs

 

females deposit eggs in leaf litter

 

once eggs start to move, adult males ingest eggs and incubate in vocal sacs

 

larvae development inside male and merage after metamorphosis

Term
adaption: dorsal carrying of eggs
Definition

pipa

 

eggs carried by being imbedded in dorsum of parent

Term
adaption: gastric-brooding frogs
Definition

parental care - southern gastric-brooding frog

 

extinct - australia - family rheobatrachidae

 

females brood the larvae in their stomachs and give birth to froglets through the mouth

Term
adaption: live-bearing frogs
Definition

tanzania - threatened by forest loss

 

gives birth to live young (viviparous)

Term
adaption: dorsal carrying of tadpoles
Definition

parental care

 

tadpoles carried on male's back by adherent ventral surface

Term
amniotes
Definition
mammals - reptilia
Term
amniotic egg (4 extra-ambryonic membranes)
Definition

1. chorion

2. amnion

3. yolk sac

4. allantois

Term
chorion
Definition

outermost membrane - lies below porous shell

 

allows exchange of respiratory gases btw embryo and environment - retains water

Term
amnion
Definition

protects embryo in fluid-filled cavity

 

prevents dehydration and cushions mechanical shock

Term
yolk sac
Definition
provides food from teh yolk for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut
Term
allantois
Definition

disposal sac

 

surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted

Term
amniotic egg of sea turtle
Definition

develops inside eggshell - keeps it from drying out but allows for gas exchange

 

chorion and allantois fuse to form chorioallantois membrane (facilitate embryonic breathing)

Term
first reptiles
Definition
300 mya
Term
first dinosaurs
Definition
220 mya
Term
first birds
Definition
150 mya
Term
extinction of dinosaurs
Definition
65 mya
Term
evolution of reptiles
Definition

tetrapods evolved from freshwater bony fishes and are highly aquatic

 

reptiles evolved from Anthracosaurs (divergent group of tetrapods)

 

first amniotes are reptiles - amniotic egg and horny scaled skin

 

transition from shallow water/water side species to abundant and diverse terrestrial species occured during Carboniferous period

Term
evolution of anthracosaurs
Definition
divergent group of tetrapods - stem amniota to first reptiles
Term
anapsid
Definition
Term
skull types in amniotes
Definition

1. anapsid - no temporal hole

2. synapid - one lateral temporal opening

3. diapsid - two temporal openings (lateral and dorsal)

Term
evolution of amniotes
Definition
[image]
Term
age of dinosaurs
Definition

220 to 65 mya

 

reptiles were dominant animals for about 200 my

Term
types of dinosaurs
Definition

1. land - herbivorous vs. carnivorous

2. flying - pterosaurs

3. marine, freshwater - plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs

Term
extant reptiles
Definition
western box turtle, austrailian frillneck lizard, western dimondback rattlesnake, american alligator
Term
amniotes are monophyletic
Definition
includes all descendants (reptiles, birds, mammals) sharing the same ancestral trait (amnion)
Term
reptiles are paraphyletic
Definition
artificial grouping that deletes one or more of the descendents (birds, mammals) sharing the same ancestor
Term
"reptiles" including birds are monophyletic
Definition

all descendents (birds, crocodiles, snakes, lizards, turtles) sharing teh same ancestor are included

 

mammals stem from horny scales directly; others mentioned stem from an ancestor with keratinzed skinn

Term
turtles
Definition

amniotes

 

lack parental care

 

bury eggs to prevent drying out and overheating

Term
olive ridley turtles
Definition

arribada (arrival) at playa ostional, costa rica

 

density of nesting affects hatching success

Term
crocodilians
Definition

amniots

 

parental care (protects them bro)

Term
oldest mammals
Definition

206 mya

 

shrew-like

Term
dinosauria
Definition

amniotes

 

parental care

Term
archaeopteryx
Definition

evolved from diapsid reptiles

 

missing link between reptile (teeth, many-boned tail, solid bones, unfused) and bird (light body, feathers)

 

150 mya

Term
class aves
Definition

amniotes

 

crocodiles are more ecologically similar to birds than other reptiles (build nests, parental care, four chambered heart)

 

direct descendents of dinosaurs - resembled small theropods (small T-rexs)

 

Term
conservation of letherback turtle
Definition

exponential decline of leatherback turtles (nesting decreased)

 

endangered - in 20 years, went from 115,000 adult females to 30,000

Term
leatherback endangerment - causes?
Definition

1. fishing - gill nets and long lines

2. development of beaches - no nesting beaches, no turtles

3. taking of eggs - poaching

Term
evolution of birds from theropods
Definition
[image]
Term
characteristics of class aves
Definition

1. feathers

2. lightweight skeleton - fused hollow bones

3. no teeth

4. large breast muscles

5. keeled breastbone, fused collarbone

6. retain amniotic egg

7. retain horny scales on feet and lower legs

8. endothermic, high metabolism, efficient circulation, 4 chambered heart

Term
class aves - birds
Definition

most diverse terrestrial vertebrate group

 

28 orders, 166 families, 8600+ species

Term
size comparisons of bird eggs
Definition

elephant bird egg is HUGE - 27 pounds

 

ruby throated humming bird egg is like a marble

 

ostrich egg is like a child's head

Term
lack's hypothesis
Definition

clutch size is maximum number of young that parents can feed or care for

 

clutch of eggs - all eggs produced by bird/reptile at a single time

Term
brown kiwi - new zealand
Definition

clutch size 1

 

benefits quality - 300-450 g/egg - increased offspring size

 

greatest egg mass/body ratio of any bird species

 

egg is 26% of body mass

Term
european partridge
Definition

clutch size 9-27

 

21-30 g/egg - more offspring

 

benefits quantity

Term
small clutch size vs large clutch size
Definition

small clutch = increased quality, larger offspring

 

large clutch = increased quantity, more offspring

 

natural selection is those in middle

Term
human embryo picture
Definition
[image]
Term
mammalian characteristics
Definition

single bone on either side of lower jaw

 

hair - mammary glands

Term
evolutionary trends in mammals
Definition

reptilian to mammalian

 

ectothermy vs. endothermy

horny scales vs. hair (insulation)

low metabolism vs. high metabolism

small jaw muscle vs. large jaw muscle

homodont teeth vs. heterodont teeth

no secondary palate vs. secondary palate

parietal foramen vs. no parietal foramen

 

(teeth and jaw muscle evolve at same time)

Term
skulls of ancient and recent non-mammalian synapsids
Definition

ancient - larger girth, more circular, large-cannine like tooth, temporal fenestra is small

 

recent - longer rather than girthier, large dentary (complex postcanine teeth), larger temporal fenestra

Term
teeth variance between diff mammals
Definition
[image]
Term
secondary palate
Definition
divides nasal cavity from oral cavity
Term
parietal foramen
Definition
back part of parietal bone - passageway for nerves and blood vessels
Term
3 major mammal groups
Definition

1. subclass prototheria (O. monotremata) - monotremes (lay eggs)

2. subclass theria (infraclass marsupialia)

3. subclass theria (infraclass eutheria) - placental mammals

Term
monotreme mammals
Definition

5 species

 

echidna, duck-billed platypus

 

retention of reptilian characteristics (lay shelled eggs; pelvic and pectoral girdle reptile like; cloaca: opening for feces, urine and eggs)

Term
marsupial mammals
Definition

289 species

 

kangaroo, koala, opossum, etc.

 

1. no shell around egg - just amnion and chorion

2. short-lived placenta around chorion

3. embryonic marsupial born; crawls into pouch; fed by mammary gland

4. two juveniles of diff ages can be nourished simultaneously

5. immediate replacement if one dies

Term
placental mammals
Definition

about 5200 speices - everything else

 

placenta nourishes embryo throughout development (fetal and maternal blood vessesl present; formed from chorion and allantois)

 

1.5 gram to 100,000 kg whale

 

long embryonic development period before being born

Term
examples of groups of extinct mammals
Definition
cave bears, irish elk, mammoths, giant ground sloths, sabertooth cats
Term
irish elk - reason for extinction?
Definition

SKELETON - has huge, cumbersome antlers - runaway sexual selection (females attracted to larger antlers, but harder to escape predators, mortality increases)

 

or climate change

Term
evolution of human head
Definition

apes - smaller braincase, smaller forebrain, fewer sinuses

 

humans - larger braincase, larger forebrain, more/extensive sinuses

Term
homo floresiensis
Definition

fossil found on island in indonesia

 

may have evolved from homo erectus - hobbit man - descent through modification

 

island dwarfism - limited food, fewer predators, isolation from mainland

Term
mechanism of evolution
Definition

natural selection:

 

1. variation exists in populations of organisms

2. certain traits are favored over others

 

more success at reproducing, higher survival rate, change in allele frequences over time

 

leads to microevolution, may lead to macroevolution

Supporting users have an ad free experience!