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Definition
| Variation is Accidental Imperfection |
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Term
| Lamarck's Theory of Phenotypic Evolution |
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Definition
| Inheritance of Acquired characteristics -- blacksmith, giraffe |
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| Lamarck's Theory of Speciation |
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Definition
| No common ancestors, spontaneous generation |
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| Origin of Species Two Major Theses |
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Definition
| 1. Descent with Modification, 2. Natural Selection |
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Definition
| different organisms have evolved incrementally, by small steps through intermediate forms |
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Definition
| evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| Post Darwin Mutationist Theories |
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Definition
| argued that discretely different organisms arose via mutation and natural selection was not required for the origin of new species--mutation seen as an alternative to natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| hopeful monsters (macroevolution through macromutation) |
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Term
| The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis |
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Definition
| reconciled Darwin's theory with the facts of Mendelian genetics |
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Definition
| Developed a mathematical theory of populatoin genetics, which showed that mutation and natural selection together cause adaptive evolution; mutation is not an alternative to nat selection--rather the raw material |
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| Ernest Mayr 3 Major contributions |
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Definition
| BSC, allopatric speciation theory, founder effect speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| species are groups which are reproductively isolated (do not exchange genes) from other groups |
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Term
| Theory of Geographic (Allopatric) Speciation |
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Definition
| New species form when populations become geographically isolated, and thus can undergo genetic divergence |
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Term
| Theory of Founder Effect Speciation |
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Definition
| Drastic reduction in population size promote speciation |
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Term
| Motoo Kimura and the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution |
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Definition
| Natural selection requires phenotypic variation to act upon--led to hypothesis that most of the evolution of DNA sequences occurs by genetic drift rather than natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Non random mating based on genetic relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals choose to mate with others who are more phenotypically similar or less simliar to themselves than would be expected on a random basis |
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Term
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Definition
| if individuals are choosy for certain traits, it won't be random |
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Term
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Definition
| when selection acts on the interaction of a gene with other genes in the genome |
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Term
| Negative Frequency Dependent Selection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| populations are physically isolated from other populations by distance or barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Populations that arent yet full species; within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinctive individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Interbreeding between differentiated populations or species -- can lead to INTROGRESSION (movement and incorporation of genes from one population to the other) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that includes ALL of the descendants of a common ancestor |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Species are groups of organisms that look really different from one another (Darwin's original species concept) |
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Term
| Genotypic Cluster Species Concept ('GCSC') |
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Definition
| species are distinct genetic clusters, separated by few or no intermediates (extension of morphological species concept) problem is that you cant really define few/no |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept ('PSC') |
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Definition
A species is the smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry
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Term
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Definition
1. Restricted to Sexual organisms
2. Hybridization (incomplete reproductive isolation)
3. Practical Difficulties (experimental intractibility, allopatric taxa) |
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Term
| Intrinsic Genetic Isolation |
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Definition
| Gametes are not genetically viable (may not align correctly) |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of the strenghtening of premating isolation in response to selection against hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
| when speciation happens without geographic separation |
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Term
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Definition
| instantaneous complete speciation |
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Term
| Adaptive Radiation/Key Innovation |
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Definition
| happens with species rapidly diversify to fill available ecological niches--happen because of a key innovation: the evolution of a novel trait that enables species to adapt to the new environments or lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of genes that are not translated into a polypeptide (genomic features that may have had initially little fitness advantage for organisms) |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA sequence which has the capacity for its own replication, or replication via other self-replicating elements, but has no immediate function for the organism (genomic features that may have initially had little fitness advantage for organisms) |
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Term
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Definition
| a DNA sequence, copies of which get inserted into various sites in the genome (genomic features that may have initially had little fitness advantage for organisms) |
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Term
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Definition
| when new genes arise as copies of preexisting genes, can result in the evolution of gene families and the origin of key innovations |
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Term
| Lateral (Horizontal) Gene Transfer |
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Definition
| Gene is moved from one genome to another (e.g. virus-mediated, brown recluse toxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| one copy retains its original function, other copy acquires new function via fixation of new mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| each duplicate copy becomes specialized for a SUBSET of the original functions performed via the ancestral single-copy gene ('specialization') |
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Term
| Evolutionary Developmental Biology (evo-devo) |
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Definition
| field that compares the development of different organisms in an attempt to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change |
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Term
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Definition
| critical in determining the identity of embryonic regions in developing animals; tell us a lot about formation of new body plans in animal evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-coding DNA sequence in or near a gene required for proper expression of that gene, often containing binding sites for transcription factors |
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Term
| Simplest Living Things were... |
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Definition
| complex aggregations of molecules; left no fossil record |
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Term
| Most likely early replicators were... |
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Definition
| short RNA-like molecules because long RNA sequences would not replicate will because their mutation rate would be too high |
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Term
| Different Factors affect Fossilization |
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Definition
| Anatomy, Body Size, Number/Abundance, Environment/habitat, Time (length), Geology, Human Biases |
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Term
| Precambrian Times (4.5 bya - 543 mya) |
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Definition
| first organisms were anaerobic, first fossil: 3.5 bya, oxygen introduced in environment with photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES, MULTICELLULARITY, |
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Term
| Paleozoic Era: Cambrian Explosion (543 mya) |
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Definition
| emergence of modern phyla, diversification: Cambrian Explosion, end of period marked by mass extinction |
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Term
| Paleozoic Era: Ordovician - Devonian (490 - 354 mya) |
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Definition
| many animal phyla diversified, first jawed fish, agnathans (jawless fish) reached highest development, mass extinction, first known terrestrial organisms were spore-bearing structures, land plants greatly diversified, arthropods, first terrestrial vertebrates and tetrapods by the end of Devonian |
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| Late Paleozoic Era: Carboniferous - Permian (354-248 mya) |
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Definition
| seed plants begin to diversify, first winged insects evolve, primitive dragonflies, grasshoppers, true bugs, and beetles, ~most massive extinction 250 mya, most likely triggered by volcano, 96% percent marine/70% land extinct, |
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| Mesozoic Era (248 - 65 mya) "Age of Dinosaurs" |
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Definition
Period of Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
First Dinosaurs, mammals, flowering plants (angiosperms) |
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Term
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Definition
| dinosaurs went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous (end of Mesozoic before start of CEnozoic), one species diversified into BIRDS |
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Term
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Definition
"age of mammals"
Pleistocene: 4 glacial advances, lowered sea levels by at least 100 meters -- many organisms moved between land masses that are now isolated |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
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Definition
Root: common ancestor
Node: branchpoint in a tree
Clade: group of two or more taxa that includes both their common ancestor and all their descendents |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that includes some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that consists of members of multiple evolutionary lineages, but doesn't include the most recent common ancestor of all its descendants |
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Term
| Character/character states |
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Definition
a feature or a trait
one of the variant conditions of a character |
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Term
| Ancestral state vs derived state |
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Definition
Ancestral state: state found in common ancestor
Derived state: state that has evolved from the ancestral state |
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Term
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Definition
Homology: same character state found in different taxa due to shared common ancestry
Homoplasy: same character state found in different taxa due to convergent evolution or reversal |
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Term
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Definition
| shared ancestral characters; not phylogenetically informative |
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Term
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Definition
unique derived characters
distinctive for a taxon and enables us to identify that taxon but tell us nothing about a taxon's relationship to other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| shared derived characters, phylogenetically informative |
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Term
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Definition
simplest explanation should be preferred over more complicated hypotheses that require more assumptions
based on the idea that most shared derived characters are due to common ancestry and not convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| calculates the likelihood of observing the data |
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Term
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Definition
| lack peptidoglycan wall, lipids in cell membranes have different structure, distinctive ribosomal RNA sequences, possess introns unlike bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain energy by using H2 to reduce Co2 to CH4, strict anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grow in the same environment as bacteria |
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Term
| Key Characteristics of Eukarya |
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Definition
| Compartmentalization, Multicellularity, Sexual Reproduction |
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