Term
| i am latin for 'if you recover , you never get it again' |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the 1st milestone in immunology? |
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Definition
| 430BC thucydides - athens plague where only recovered people nursed the sick |
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Term
| who inhaled dried crusts of smallpox to gain immunity? |
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Definition
| turks in the 15th century |
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Term
| who discovered that cowpox gave immunity against small pox? |
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Definition
| jenner in the 18th century |
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Term
| what did pasteur discover in the late 19th century? |
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Definition
| attenuated cholera worked as a vaccine against cholera |
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Term
| what does virulence mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is required for an ideal effective immune system? |
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Definition
| recognition of non-self and response/targetting |
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Term
| specificity, targetting and discrimiation are part of the effective immune response but explain a little about them |
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Definition
specificity - to recognise chemical differences
targetting - to react to them
discrimination - to leave self cells alone and target non-self |
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Term
| describe specific, kiling and memory in terms of immune response |
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Definition
specific - recognise and follow chemical signals
killing - phagocytosis
memory - recognise it next time |
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Term
| name the two main types of immunity |
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Definition
innate - non aquired (present at birth)
aquired immunity |
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Term
t or false
innate immunity is specific? |
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Definition
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Term
t or f
innate immunity is effective against a wide range of pathogens |
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Definition
| true - it isnt specific so covers a wide range |
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Term
t of f
innate immunity is present from when you are 2 years of age? |
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Definition
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Term
t of false
innate immunity wears down as you age? |
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Definition
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Term
t of false
innate immunity is only present in some animal species? |
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Definition
false
present in all animal species |
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Term
| innate immunity uses 4 modes of protection..name them please |
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Definition
1, physical barriers
2, physiological barriers
3, phagocytosis
4, inflammation |
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Term
| the skin is an example of a physical barrier. how does it protect us? |
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Definition
| invading microbe must penetrate past the intact barrier. skin is dry preventing bacterial growth. skin has bacteria on it already that compete with invading bacteria for attachment sites |
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Term
| mosquitos, ticks and fleas can all get past the skin barrier. how do they do this and what do they carry? |
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Definition
the bite through our skin.
mosquito - malaria
ticks - lyme disease
fleas - bubonic plague |
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Term
t or false
mucous traps microorganisms which are then shed from the body |
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Definition
this is true.
mucous membranes are found in the upper respiratory tract, digestive and genitourinary tract. |
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Term
| pH environment, fever and chemical mediators are all examples of .... |
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Definition
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Term
| How does pH protect us from microbial infestation? |
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Definition
| Low pH in the body. ingested microbes have to fight with highly acidic environment in the stomach |
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Term
| Which virus can survive low pH? |
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Definition
| Hepatitus A. it affects the liver |
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Term
| how does a fever help us fight infection? (2) |
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Definition
increases our temperature inhibiting pathogen growth
speeds up phagocytosis |
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Term
| compliment proteins cause lysis of invading bacteria. how do they do this? |
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Definition
| opsinisation - coating a pathogen with compliment proteins speeding up attachment of pathogen to phagocyte |
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Term
| describe what the membrane attack complex is? |
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Definition
| punching holes in the membrane of the pathogen to cause lysis |
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Term
| what does lysosome break down in bacteria? |
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Definition
| peptidoglycan (cell walls) |
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Term
| defensin is an example of an? |
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Definition
| antimicrobial peptide..damadge pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cytokine (protein) |
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Term
| what does an interferon do? |
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Definition
| it signals to near by cells and induces anti-viral state whereby they produce enzymes to inhibit viral reproduction in cells |
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Term
| when bacteria invade the first line of defense (the skin) what comes into play? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is a pathogen engulfed in phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| phagocytes have receptors for bacteria/fungi. when they attach to microbe they become activated. they release pseudopodia (webs of extensions that also have receptors for the microbes) and then engulf the pathogen into a vesicle called a phagosome |
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Term
| compliment proteins, macrophages and skin are all part of the innate immunity system? |
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Definition
| true they all are part of it |
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Term
| describe the steps after a phagocyte has engulfed a pathogen into its phagosome |
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Definition
| the phagosome fuses with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome. the lysosome has a lot of shit init that break the pathogen down. the degraded material is exocytosed from the macrophage and some degraded matierial is attached to the antigenic peptide MHC II to act as a receptor. |
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Term
| what kinds of things does a lysosome contain? |
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Definition
| ROS like h2o2, nitric oxide and a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme which degrades microbial proteins like peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| major histocompatibility complex |
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Term
| there are two seperate killing mechanisms after ingestion of bacteria...what are they? |
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Definition
oxygen dependant killing
and
oxygen independant killing |
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Term
| what happens in oxygen dependant killing? |
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Definition
nitric oxide synthase is activated
nitric oxide is generated
it acts as an anti-microbial |
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Term
| what does nitric oxide act as? how is it generated? |
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Definition
| it acts as an anti microbial and is generated when nitric oxide synthase is activated |
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Term
| which part of the killing mechanism are lysozyme and defensins associated with? |
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Definition
| oxygen independant killing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are defensins and what do they ? |
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Definition
| they are petides that killy many bacteria |
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Term
| the first stage of local inflammatory response is chemokine release. what happens here? |
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Definition
| damaged endothelial cells release IL-8 and TNF -alpha release from macrophages help recruit neutrophils and allow migration from blood |
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Term
| which cells relase histamine and what does histamine do? |
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Definition
| mast cells release histamine. they vasodilate and > blood vessel permeability |
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Term
| name another vasodilater produced by macrophages in the local inflammatory response |
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Definition
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Term
| stage 2. activation of clotting and complement cascades. how are they released? |
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Definition
| the increased permeability allows them to pass out of the capillaries |
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Term
| stage 3, what do neutrophils secrete to recruit macrophages form the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in stage 4 to the pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils recruited? |
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Definition
by macrophages migrating into tissue and secreting
IL-1
and
TNF-alpha |
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Term
| in addition to the local inflammatory response there is also a systemic response what is this AKA? |
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Definition
| Systemic acute-phase response |
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Term
| name the 3 components of the systemic acute-phase response |
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Definition
| fever, leukocytosis and acute phase proteins |
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Term
| how does fever aid systemic response? |
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Definition
| > temperature so inhibits microbial growth and speeds up phagocytosis and body reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| white cell production, an increase marks body prpeparing to battle infection |
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Term
| where are acute phase proteins produced and what do they do? |
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Definition
produced in the liver. (esp. c-reactive proteins)
they bind to microbes, activate complement preoteins aiding phagocytosis. |
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Term
| what is aquired immuity also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
t/f
aquired immunity
is specific for certain antigens? |
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Definition
true
this is unlike innate immunity where it is non-specific |
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Term
t/f
aquired immunity is present from birth? |
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Definition
false
it is gained after exposure to foreign material |
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Term
t/f
there is a delay before
aquired immunity is effective? |
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Definition
true
it takes about 5-6 days to respond |
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Term
t/f
in aquired immunity, there is a faster response to subsequent exposure to the same pathogen |
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Definition
| this is true so if you are exposed to the same pathogen again your body will be like ' hey your on my turf and if ama gut ya like ama gut ya' LoL |
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Term
which system carries out
aquired immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
t/f
aquired immunity is present in invertebrates and vertebrates? |
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Definition
false
present only in vertebrates |
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Term
t/f
aquired immunity needs topping up every 4 years or you lose it? |
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Definition
false
once aquired it is lifelong |
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Term
which 2 cells are involved in
aquired immunity? |
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Definition
| B cells ad T cells aka b and t lymphocytes |
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Term
what are the 2 types of responses to antigens in
aquired immunity? |
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Definition
Humoral response
cell-mediated response |
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Term
| which cell is involved in humoral response? |
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Definition
B cells - antibody mediated
defend against pathogens and toxins in extra celluar fluid |
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Term
t/f
T-cells are involved in cell mediated response |
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Definition
| true Tc cells defend against infected cells, cancer cells and transplanted cells. have a T cell receptor and CD8+ on it. |
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Term
| where are lymphocytes made? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the bone marrow and thymus are AKA? |
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Definition
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Term
| the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,adenoids,peyer's patches, appendix AKA? |
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Definition
| 2ndary lyphoid organs where lymphocytes function |
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Term
| where is the origin of B and T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
t/f
macrophages and dendrite cells are phagocytes? |
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Definition
| this is true, they engulf microbes |
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Term
| in 2ndary lymphoid organs, what happens to B cells when they become activated? |
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Definition
| they migrate from the cortex to the medulla and produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
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Term
| which type(s) of cell(s) would you find in the paracortex of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
dendritic and T cells
dendrites display parts of the pathogenic antigen to T cells. This activates the T cells |
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Term
| When T cells become activated what do they become? |
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Definition
| effector cells. they then go out into the body to kill the pathogen |
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Term
| i filter blood, im 12cm long and found behind the stomach. what am i? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many coloured pulps are there in the spleen? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do B and T cells migrate from white pulp to red pulp? |
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Definition
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Term
| which pulp in the spleen do you find B and T cells and macrophages? |
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Definition
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Term
| old/ dead RBC removed, macrophages, lymphocytes and antibodies are found in which coloured pulp in the spleen? |
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Definition
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Term
| cell types of the aquired immune systen include lymphocytes and what else? |
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Definition
| antigen presenting cells - includes dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
t/f
B and T cells are 6 millimetres in diameter? |
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Definition
| False - 6micrometres in diameter |
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Term
t/f
B and T cells have a short life span? |
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Definition
| true - between 3days and 8 weeks |
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Term
t/f
B and T cells circulate in lymph only? |
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Definition
| false - in lymph and blood |
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Term
t/f
only T cells are activated by antigens? |
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Definition
| false - both are activated by antigens |
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Term
| a foreign molecule which is specifically recognised by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them is a....? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many epitopes is each B or T cell specific for? |
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Definition
| ONE- however antibody diversity is possible so there are a lot of different antibodies! |
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Term
t/f
Both B and T cells have receptors embeddded in their membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| which cell receptor consists of two identical heavy chains and identical light chains linked by several di-sulfide bridges? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cell receptor is made up of one alpha chain and one beta chain linked by a di-sulphide bridge? |
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Definition
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Term
| developing B cells undergo a selection process in the bone marrow...explain |
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Definition
| the self recognising (self reactive) ones are destroyed |
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Term
| mature B cells are released from the bone marrow but when are they activated? |
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Definition
| when their receptors interact directly with pathogens and bind to them |
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Term
| what does an activated b cell proliferate into? |
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Definition
| Plasma B cell and Memory B cell |
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Term
| which cell plays a part in a fatser second time immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| when antibodies take part in opsinisation what does this do to the rate of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 5 classes of immunoglobins? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first immunoglobin to be formed after antigen exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
| which immunoglobin is found in secretions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoglobin is membrane bound? |
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Definition
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Term
| which immunoglobin is involved in Allergic reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is special about the constant region of IgE? |
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Definition
| they are really good at getting mast cells to release histamine during an allergic response |
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Term
| the secondary response to antigen is faster, greater and what else? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many selection processes do T cells go through? |
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Definition
| two- one for self-recognition which results in death and then whether they are Tc or Th cells |
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Term
| which receptor does a Tc (cytotoxic) cell have? |
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Definition
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Term
| the CD4 receptor is found on which T cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| which T cell is activated by antigens from the infected cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cells do antigen presenting cells activate? |
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Definition
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Term
| which T cells produce memory cells? |
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Definition
| Both Tc and Th cells produce memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound glycoproteins |
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Term
| which MHC does CD8 receptor from Tc cell bind to? |
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Definition
| MHC I on infected self cell |
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|
Term
| which MHC does CD4 from Th cell bind to? |
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Definition
| MHC II on antigen presenting cell |
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Term
t/f
dendritic cells, macrophages and b cells are all antigen presenting cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of cell is a dendritic cell? |
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Definition
| a phagocyte - important in triggering primary immune response |
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Term
| macrophages are phagocytes but which cells do they present their antigens to and which part of the immune response are they important in? |
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Definition
| they present to Memory T cells thus are important in secondary immune response |
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Term
| apart from binding with an antigen what else do B cells require to become fully activated? |
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Definition
| cytokines from T helper cells |
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Term
t/f
when B cells bind with an antigen, both receptor and antigen are endocytosed? |
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Definition
| True! -B cells present antigen + MHC II to T helper cells with the same epitope recognition. Activated helper cell releases cytokines which activates B cell to produce memory B cells and plasma cells |
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Term
| name the 2 killing mechanisms in humoral mediated response |
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Definition
| phagocytosis and compliment mediated killing |
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Term
| compliment activation has 3 pathways, classical, lectin and alternative. which pathway is antibody- activated pathway? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| compliment proteins are a large group of proteins. over how many are there? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| though there are 3 different pathways to activate compliment what do they all end in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what does membrane attack complex result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| in cell mediated response Tc cell binds to what? |
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Definition
| MHC I with the help of cd8 |
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Term
| what do Tc cells release during cell mediated response and what do they do? |
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Definition
granzymes - initiate apoptosis
perforin - forms pores in target membrane |
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|
Term
true or false
Helper T cells trigger humoral AND cell mediated response? |
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Definition
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