Term
| symbiosis means living together and mutalism is a form of symbiosis. But do both organisms involved benefit or get harmed in this symbiosis? |
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Definition
| in mutalistic symbiosis both organism 1 and 2 benefit. an example is bacteria in human colon |
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Term
| Give an example of commensalism symbiosis and say whether the organisms involved benefit or get harmed. |
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Definition
example: staphylcoccus on skin.
organism 1 : the staphylcoccus benefits but organism 2 : the skin neither benefits nor is harmed |
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Term
| which symbiosis is tuberculosis bacteria in the human lung an example of? |
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Definition
paratism
organism 1:tubercolosis benefits
organism 2: human host is harmed |
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Term
| parasites are infectious agents? |
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Definition
| true they are infectious agents |
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Term
| what 2 things must a parasite do in order to be a parasite? |
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Definition
| it must cause HARM to their host and also be TRANSMITTED from one host to another to continue their life cycles |
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Term
| which types of infectious agents typically cause acute infections? |
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria and fungi |
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Term
| which infectious agents cause chronic infections? |
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Definition
parasites
eg, protozoa and worms (helminths) |
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Term
what am i?
i live on the external surface of a host |
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Definition
|
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Term
| im a parasite who lives within a host |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f an obligate parasite can complete its life cycle without its host? |
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Definition
False!
obligates parasites require a host to complete their life cycle |
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Term
| im an organism thats not normally parasitic |
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Definition
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Term
| name the host in which parasites reach sexual maturity |
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Definition
definative host
eg, mosquito for malarial plasmodium |
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Term
| what is an intermediate host required for? |
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Definition
development of parasite
eg, humans for plasmodium |
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Term
| i play no part in development just transport. what type of host am i? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| i'm an animal that harbours a parasite ready to be transmitted to humans |
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Definition
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Term
| disease processes:- name the 3 |
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Definition
Invasion - entry and transmission
Multiplcation and spread
Pathogenesis |
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Term
| the Ascaris worm is found in contaminated food and drink. how is it transmitted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how does influenza virus enter the body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do HIV and malaria get into the body? |
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Definition
| direct inoculation either via needle of drug user or mosquito needle |
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Term
| how are schistosomes (worm) introduced to the body? |
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Definition
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Term
true of false?
intra-uterine routes of invasion include toxoplasma. |
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Definition
| true this is a route for toxoplasma into the human body |
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Term
true or false
all organisms can multiply when in the body? |
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Definition
false
only some can eg, protozoa can multiply so can cause infection with only a few infectious stages
Worms cannot multiply within body so one or two couldnt cause disease |
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Term
| how does the plasmodium parasite reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| name 2 ways which malaria causes pathogenesis? |
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Definition
direct killing of host cells
blockages within host organisms |
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Term
| how does clostridium botulinum cause pathogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does schistosomiasis cause pathogenesis? |
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Definition
| it affects the activity of the host immune system and causes cancer |
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Term
| the biological response gradient is an iceberg concept of infectious diseases. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| most people with diseases are asymptomatic. this is like the majority of the iceberg being beneath sea level |
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Term
| the exact clinical picture of disease depends on 7 factors. What are they? |
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Definition
1. infection dose 2. route of infection
3. age of host 4. sex of host
5. presence of other microbes
6. nutritional status
7. genetic background |
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Term
burden of disease is measured by incidence.
what does incidence mean? |
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Definition
| number of new cases of infection occuring in a population in a defined period of time |
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Term
| what does prevalence of disease mean? |
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Definition
| total number of infected individual in a population ie/ no' of new and old cases |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where parasites are present in the blood |
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Term
| define intensity of disease |
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Definition
| the level of infection per individual (parasitaemia) |
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Term
| what is the difference between mortality and morbidity? |
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Definition
mortality - no of deaths per annum
morbidity - state of ill health |
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Term
| how do we account for diseases that disable but do not kill? |
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Definition
| Daily Adjusted Life Year (DALY) |
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Term
| how is 1 DALY calculated? |
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Definition
| adding together 'years lost to premature mortality' and 'years lost to disability' |
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