Term
| the cell wall _____________ the plant, maintains its ___________, and prevents excessive uptake of ____________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| plant cell walls are made of _________ fibers embeded in other ____________ and protiens. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _______________ are channels between adjacent plants cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| plasmodemata ______________ plant cell walls |
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Definition
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Term
| via plasmodesmata ____________ and small ____________ can pass from cell to cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____________ are continuesley changing structures |
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Definition
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|
Term
| plasmodesmata can change in permeability in response to _________________, _____________, or ____________ |
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Definition
-tugor pressure
-cytoplasmic calcium levels
-cytoplasmic pH |
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|
Term
| plant viruses can cause plasmodesmata to ___________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a plant cell or fungal cell may have ________ or ____________ vacuoles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| list the five things vacuoles contain |
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Definition
| waste, water, proteins, small molecules, haz mat. |
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Term
| the success of plants depends on their ability to ___________ and __________ resources from their environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| the transport of materials is central to ______________ of the whole plant |
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Definition
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|
Term
| passive transport is the ______________ of a substance across a membrane with no ____________ involvement |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is when molecules spread out evenly into available space |
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Definition
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Term
| substances diffuse _____________ their concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| osmosis is the diffusion of water across a ________________ membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water diffuses across a membrane from region of lower ______________ to region of higher ______________ |
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Definition
-concentration
-concentration |
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|
Term
| what is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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Definition
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Term
| in a hypertonic solution solute concentration is ____________ than inside the cell, and cell ___________ water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration is ____________ than inside the cell, cell ___________ water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ help maintain water balance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a plant cell in a ____________ solution swells until the wall opposes uptake, called ____________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when plant cells surrounding is ____________ there is no net movement of water to cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when a cell becomes isotonic the cell becomes ___________ , and the plant ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| in a hypertonic environment the plant cells ___________ water, eventually the membrane _____________ from the cell. is the effect letahl? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water potential is the measurement that combines the effect of ______________ and ___________ |
|
Definition
-solute concentration
-pressure |
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|
Term
| water potential can determine the _____________ of movement of water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water flows from regions of _________ water potential to regions of ___________ water potential |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ in plants results in wilting, and is reversed with ___________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during tugor cytoplasm ___________, and __________ from cell wall. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| during tugor their is lack of _________ from cell wall, and cell wall has low ____________ |
|
Definition
-pressure
-water potential |
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|
Term
| land resources acquire resources from both __________ and ______________ ground |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the algal ancestors of land plants absorbed __________,___________, and ___________ directly from surrounding water |
|
Definition
-water
-minerals
-carbon dioxide |
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|
Term
| the evolution of xylem/phloem in land plants is the ____________ transport of materials |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ____________ of root tips increased surface area of __________ and ___________ absorption |
|
Definition
-root hairs
-water
-mineral |
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|
Term
| during unidirectional water transport water and minerals are absorbed by _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in unidirectional water transport stems serve as _____________ for water, nutrients, and minerals dissolved in ___________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| water and nutrients move ___________ through plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -negative pressure in xylem |
|
|
Term
| what is the evaporation of water from plants surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do plants use large amounts of water during transporation? If water is not replaced the plant will _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water is replaced by__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| xylem sap traveles from __________ of roots to stems of ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| roots are pumps of the plant, water flows from root ___________, generating root ___________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| positive ____________ is weak and is a ____________ mechanism of xylem bulk flow |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| root pressure sometimes results in ___________, the exidation of water droplets on ___________ or __________ of leaves |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____________ helps regulate rate of transpiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| about __________ percent of water in plant escapes via ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stomata opens for ___________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| air has____________ water potential for plant, and water moves into ___________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| water moving out of leaves _________ pressure in leaves, and ____________ pressure is produced |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| each stomata is flanked by __________ guard cells, which control the _________ of the stomata by changing __________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| changes in ____________ opens and closes stomata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leaves generally have a broad surface area and a high _______________ ratios. these characteristics increase ________ and ____________ water loss through stomata |
|
Definition
-surface to volumes
-photosynthesis
-increase |
|
|
Term
| the amount of stomata changes with ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water vapor diffuses from moist ___________ space of leaf to ____________ outside via stomata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transpirational pull produces __________ pressure in leaf, and tension pulls water in ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water in xylem is pulled into __________ cells and air spaces to replace lost ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is facillitated by cohesion of water molecules to each other and cohesion of water molecules to ___________ |
|
Definition
-transpirational pull
-cell walls |
|
|
Term
| the transpiration rate increases when a plant is in ______,_______,______conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stomata open and close depending on conditions to regulate _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stomata are typically open in the day because of ___________, CO2 can enter the stomata at _________, even with less/no transporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stomata can open with low __________, levels in plant can close when lack of water in plant via _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sugars are transported from leaves and other other sources to sites of ___________ or _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the products of photosynthesis are transported through_____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pholem sap moves from sugar ____________ to sugar ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ = aquous solution high in sucrose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ = organ that produces sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ = organ that consumes or stores sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sugar moves from source into pholem via __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pholem has a ____________ sugar content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ provides positive pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sugar moves from pholem into sink through ______________, the sink has ___________ sugar concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure from source causes sugar movement toward __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the sink molecules diffuse from the __________ to ___________ tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phloem sap moves through sieve tubes by _________ driven by __________ pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people modified plants by _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a twig or bud can be grafted into a plant of a ___________ or _________ |
|
Definition
-closely related species
-variety |
|
|
Term
| biologists have adopted _____________ methods to create ________________ varieties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lead to research of genetically engineering plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________________ can be used to move genes into plants |
|
Definition
| - tumor inducing plasmids |
|
|
Term
| any piece of _____________ can be transferred into a plant, whether it is from another ____________,____________,__________ and even artificial DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| modified crops result in less __________ damage and better yields than ___________ |
|
Definition
-insect
-conventional plants |
|
|
Term
| what three new traits can be generated with GMO research? |
|
Definition
| insect defense, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance |
|
|
Term
| biofules are made via ____________ and _________ of cellulose |
|
Definition
-fermentation
-distillation |
|
|
Term
| bio-ethanol is alcohol made by fermentation of what 2 crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecological risks - if a ________ for herbicide resistance was transferred by _________ from a GM plant to a weedy relative, the new, hypothetical plant might __________crops and native plants |
|
Definition
-gene
-pollination
-outcompete |
|
|
Term
| how many GM foods in the U.S.A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ % of processed foods bought in the U.S.A are GMOs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ of people worldwide have consumed GM foods.______ problems have been reported. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ could be solved by genetically
modified (GM) plants |
|
Definition
|
|
