Term
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Definition
| All body cells except reproductive cells, which contain 46 chromosomes, made from one 23 chromosome set from each parent |
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Term
| What kind of chromosomes make up the human genome? |
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Definition
| 22 pairs are autosomes, and 1 pair are sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of chromosomes that have genes for the same characteristics at the same position. |
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Term
| What makes up a pair of chromosomes |
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Definition
| Two homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical copies of DNA joined at the centromere. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's chromosomes displayed in order. |
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Term
| What happens in interphase? |
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Definition
| Cell growth, doubling of cytoplasm and contents, and DNA replication. |
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Term
| How long is the cell in interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three subphases of interphase? |
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Definition
G1 phase or "first gap" - cell growth
S phase or "synthesis"- chromosomes duplicated
G2 phase or "second gap"- cell growth, preparation for division |
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Term
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Definition
| The region where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid |
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Term
| How long is the cell cycle in humans? |
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Definition
| 20 hours for interphase, 45 minutes for miotic division |
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Term
| How long is the cell cycle in yeast? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the cell cycle in early embryos |
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Definition
| 30 minutes, and they lack phases G1 and G2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of a diploid cell to create two daughter diploid cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| (includes prometaphase) The chromatin and sister chromatids are apparent and the nuclear envelope disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes align at metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids seperate at centromere to create new individual chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear, chromosomes uncoil,spindle fibers break down. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does cytokenesis occur in animals? |
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Definition
| Cleavage, where it divides at the metaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| The origin of the spindle fiber that moves towards the poles for cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spindle fiber attachment points on chromosome's centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle found in the centrosome made of a bundle of spindle fibers only inside animal cells. |
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Term
| What organelle makes the polysaccharides of a cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only phase where you are changing the amount of DNA |
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Definition
| The S phase of interphase. |
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Term
| How do rates of cell division vary? |
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Definition
| By type, developmental stage, environment, etc. |
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Term
| Some cells are __________________ but __________ as they reside in stage ______. Some cells _____________, but others never do and do not divide. Two examples of this are ____________ and _________. |
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Definition
| Some cells are metabolically active but non-dividing as they reside in stage G0. Some cells re-enter G1,but others never do and do not divide. Two examples of this are nerve cells and muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of replication for prokaryotic cells where they replicate through elongating the cell and dividing. |
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Term
| What kind of chromosome does a prokaryote have? |
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Definition
| A single circular chromosome. |
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Term
| What is the benefit of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the alternatives to sexual reproduction and what are the pros and cons? |
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Definition
Clones and asexual reproduction
-Pro: it's faster because you don't need to find a mate or a pollinator.
Con: These processes require a lot of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Somatic cell that contains two sets of chromosomes |
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Term
| How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm and egg cells produced through meiosis with only one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Gamete cells that contain only one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of a haploid sperm with a haploid egg |
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Term
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Definition
| A fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes |
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Term
| Differences between meiosis and mitosis |
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Definition
- There are two divisions in meiosis and only one in mitosis.
- In mitosis, individual chromosomes form a line and in meiosis they form in pairs.
-Meiosis produces genetic variarion, mitosis does not.
-Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, meiosis does not. |
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Term
| What is an animal in the diploid stage? |
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Definition
| A multi-cellular organism |
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Term
| What is an animal during the haploid stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are plants and algae during the diploid stage? |
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Definition
| A multi-cellular sporophyte |
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Term
| What are plants and algae during the haploid stage? |
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Definition
| A multicellular gametophyte |
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Term
| What are fungi and protists during the diploid stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fungi and protists during the haploid stage? |
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Definition
| Uni- or multicellular organism. |
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Term
| What kind of cells start and result from meiosis? |
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Definition
| 4 haploid gametes from 1 diploid cell |
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Term
| What happens in meiosis 1? |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes separate |
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Term
| What happens in meiosis 2? |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate. |
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Term
| What happens in prophase 1 to produce genetic variability? |
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Definition
| Crossing over and synapsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical connection of homologous chromosomes during prophase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes. |
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Term
| Where does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where the crossing over occurs. |
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Term
| What results from genetic variation in prophase 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to produce genetic variability in metaphase 1? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random arrangement of homologous chromsome pairs. |
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Term
| What amount of genetically variant sperm and egg cells result from independant assortment? |
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Definition
| 2^23 or 8 million possible combinations. |
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Term
| What degree of genetic variation results from random fertilization? |
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Definition
| 2^23 + 2^23 or 20 trillion. |
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Term
| _______, ___________ and ____________ create _________ and _________, which leads to ______________. |
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Definition
| Crossing over, independent assortment, and mutations creates genetic diversity and natural selection, which leads to evolution. |
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Term
| When does a diploid cell become a haploid cell during meiosis? |
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Definition
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