Term
| What is the difference between an element & molecule |
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Definition
Molecule is a substance with two or more atoms bonded together such as the oxygen humans breathe (O2).
Elements are pure substances made up of all the same atoms such as gold (Au), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) |
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Term
| What roles does Hydrogen do in the body |
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Definition
| The most important function of hydrogen in the human body is to keep you hydrated. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen and is absorbed by the cells of the body. |
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Term
| What roles does potassium do in the body |
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Definition
| It helps your nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your heartbeat stay regular. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. |
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Term
| What roles does Na do in the body |
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Definition
Sodium is both an electrolyte and mineral. It helps keep the water (the amount of fluid inside and outside the body's cells)
and electrolyte balance of the body. Sodium is also important in how nerves and muscles work. |
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Term
| what does carbon do in the body |
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Definition
| Carbon is the basic building block required to form proteins, carbohydrates and fats, and it plays a crucial role in regulating the physiology of the body. |
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Term
| what does CA do in the body |
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Definition
| Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and one of the most important. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth, help nerves work, make muscles squeeze together, help blood clot, and help the heart to work. |
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Term
| what does FE do in the body |
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Definition
| Iron (Fe) is a mineral needed for hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron is also needed for energy, good muscle and organ function. About 70% of the body's iron is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
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Term
| Differentiate between anions and cations |
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Definition
An anion may be defined as an atom or molecule that is negatively charged.
A cation may be defined as an atom or molecule that is positively charged. |
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Term
| List the four major classes of macromolecules |
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Definition
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
store energy for long-term use in the form of fats.
insulation from the environment
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Term
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Definition
| They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, |
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Term
| List the functions of the cell |
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Definition
- structure and support,
- facilitate growth through mitosis,
- allow passive and active transport,
- produce energy,
- create metabolic reactions and aid in reproduction.
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Term
| Describe the role and location of receptors in the cell |
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Definition
Intracellular receptors are located in the cytoplasm of the cell
Cell-surface receptors bind to an external ligand molecule and convert an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. |
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Term
| what does the mitochondria do |
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Definition
| Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell |
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Term
| what does the ribosomes do |
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Definition
| Ribosomes are the sites in a cell in which protein synthesis takes place |
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Term
| Identify the four major/primary tissue types of the body |
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Definition
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue |
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Term
| what does Nervous tissue do |
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Definition
| transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems. |
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Term
| what does Epithelial tissue do |
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Definition
| creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules. |
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Term
where do find serous tissue
what purpose does it serve |
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Definition
line body cavitys
such as plura pertineral & percardial |
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Term
| where are cutaneous tissue located |
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Definition
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Term
where are mucus tissue located
what do they do |
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Definition
GIT, respiratory track, urinary, & reproductive
secrete mucus from glands |
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Term
where are the synovial linings
what do they do |
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Definition
joint caviitys
lined the joint |
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Term
| Define the processes of diffusion |
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Definition
| Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration |
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Term
| Define the processes of osmosis |
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Definition
| movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the regulation of endocrine function, |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| How hormones synthesised in the hypothalamus reach the anterior and posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oxytocin is a hormone that acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain, controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-diuretic hormone helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels. |
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Term
What does the thyroid gland do? |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate controlling heart, muscle and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance. |
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Term
| Functions and control of release of cortisol ? |
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Definition
| Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation |
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Term
| Summarise the main functions and control of release of the adrenal medulla hormone adrenaline |
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Definition
| initiate the flight or fight response. |
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Term
| Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone, |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low. |
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Term
| how does calcitonin work ? |
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Definition
It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts,
It can also decrease the resorption of calcium in the kidneys, |
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Term
| what is the role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
| The primary role of vitamin D is to regulate intestinal calcium absorption. |
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Term
| Name the formed components (blood cells and platelets) of blood |
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Definition
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Plasma .
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Red blood cells
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Platelets
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White blood cells
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Term
| what does blood plasma do |
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Definition
| Plasma transports cells, proteins, hormones and vitamins around the body and removes waste products |
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Term
| What Is the Function of Red Blood Cells |
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Definition
| Red cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin, which helps carry oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| They help the body fight infection and other diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| re colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries. |
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Term
| what are the ratios of the blood componets |
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Definition
RBC 40 -50
WBC 1%
Plasma 55
Platelets |
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Term
| Explain the basic components of plasma |
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Definition
| Plasma contains about 90 percent water, with 10 percent being made up of ions, proteins, dissolved gases, nutrient molecules, and wastes |
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Term
| Explain the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells; |
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Definition
| transports oxygen to the tissues. |
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Term
| what is the diffence between oxyhemoglobin & hemoglobin |
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Definition
| oxyhemoglobin is the O2 loaded version of hemoglobin |
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Term
| List the function of the respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
| List the part of the upper respiratory system |
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Definition
Nose , nasual cavity Pharynx
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Term
| List the parts of the lower respiratory system |
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Definition
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles |
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Term
| what are alveoli and what do they do ? |
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Definition
Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
exchange O2 a CO |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of the conducting and respiratory zones |
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Definition
Conducting zone
consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lung
Respiratory zone
is found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. These thin-walled structures allow inhaled oxygen (O2) to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide (CO2).
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Term
| Describe the basic structure and function of alveoli and the role of surfactant |
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Definition
| Alveoli are lined by a fluid layer known as a surfactant which maintains the shape and surface tension of the air sac. |
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Term
| Explain how the delicate respiratory gas exchange surfaces are protected against pathogens |
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Definition
| mucus that covers the airways. The mucus layer traps pathogens |
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Term
| what does the Mucociliary escalator do |
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Definition
| responsible for movement of mucus up and out of the respiratory tract; |
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Term
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Definition
| mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in the degradation, |
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Term
| What factors influence respiration rate? |
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Definition
| Chemical- carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and oxygen levels are the most important factors that regulate respiration. chemoreceptors- sensory receptors that detect CO2, H, and O2 levels in the blood. |
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Term
| The major stimulus to breathe is |
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Definition
| increased concentration of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Describe pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation |
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Definition
| The diafram changes the volume of the longs cuaseing pressure difference between atmosfere gases will move from hight to low pressure |
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Term
| Describe the lung coverings |
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Definition
| The pleural membrane is thin, moist, slippery and has two layers. The outer, or parietal, pleura lines the inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while the inner, visceral or pulmonary, layer covers the lungs. |
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Term
| what does the outer or parietal liner cover |
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Definition
| the inside of the rib cage |
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Term
| what does the visceral or pulmonary membrane cover |
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Definition
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Term
| what roles do lung coverings (pleura) and perital play in ventilation |
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Definition
| the y create a negative preusre |
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Term
| Differentiate between quiet respiration/tidal breathing and forced respiration |
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Definition
quite resp doesn't require cognitive imput
as the diaphragm relaxes air leaves passively
Tidal is the amount of air that enter during quiet breathing
forced resp is the amount of air that can be exhaled past normal tidal expiration |
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Term
| how much air is inhaled during tidal volume |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the structures actively involved in quiet inspiration |
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Definition
| diaphragm, which lengthens and shortens the chest cavity. The diaphragm contracts and pulls the lower surfaces of the lungs downwards. Simultaneously, muscles of inspiration elevate the rib cage. These muscles are mainly the external intercostals. |
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Term
| what muscles contract during quiet exhalation |
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Definition
| The muscles that contribute to quiet breathing are the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. |
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Term
| what four muscles are used during forced inhalation |
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Definition
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles. |
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Term
| Define respiration rate (including alveolar ventilation rate) |
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Definition
a respiratory rate. ... It can be defined as VE=Tidal Volume×Breaths Per Minute.
Alveolar ventilation (VA): The amount of gas per unit of time that reaches the alveoli and becomes involved in gas exchange. |
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Term
| what are inspiratory reserve volume, and how much are they |
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Definition
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort
3000mL |
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Term
| what is a expiratory reserve volume, and how much are they |
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Definition
the amount of extra air — above-normal volume — exhaled during a forceful breath out
1100 - 800 mL male female respective |
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Term
| what is the diference between residual volume) and capacities |
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Definition
Inspiratory capacity is the amount of air taken in
residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration |
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Term
| what is the difference between (total lung capacity, and vital capacity) |
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Definition
total lung capacity (TLC) is a measurement of the total amount of air that the lung can hold.
The vital capacity (VC) measures the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle. |
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Term
| Define and compare internal and external respiration |
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Definition
External respiration is the exchange of gases with the external environment, and occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases with the internal environment, and occurs in the tissues. |
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Term
| what is pressure of the lungs in a normal person |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the total lung capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the VC or vital capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| how air is in the RV or residual Volume |
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Definition
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Term
| what is inhales during tidal volume |
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Definition
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