1. Composed of cells

2. complex structural arrangement

3. Detect and respond to stimuli 

4. Maintain a relatively stable internal environment (homeostasis)

5. Organisms grow (increase in size) and develop (natural progression in maturation)

6. Offspring are produced by reproduction

7. Have metabolism- all essential chemicals chemical processes occurring in cells

Anatomy means to "cut apart" 

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the study of Physical relationships among body parts. 

or

Anatomy is the study of locations, appearances, and relationships of body parts. 

What is Physiology?

Physiology means "the biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts" 

Physiology is the study of function and how it works, functions, and how organs perform vital functions. 

What is the Hierarchy of complexity?

(Levels of Organization)

The human body has multiple interdependent levels of organization. 

Each level is more complex than the underlying one

Levels of Organization:

1.Chemical 

2.Cellular

3.Tissue 

4.Organ

5.Organ system 

6.Organism 

How do Physiology and Anatomy go hand in hand?

One cannot be fully understood without the other 

Anatomical have an effect on the functions 

while

Physiological mechanisms are underlying structural relationships

What is the smallest unit of life?

What is the definition of an organ?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective 

3. Muscular 

4. Nervous 

miscellaneous 

What is cell theory and its basic principles?

The foundation of modern biology.

Basic Principles:

1. Cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals

2. Calls are produced by the division's pf pre-existing cells

3. Calls are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

1. Skeletal 

-attached to the skeleton

2. Cardiac

-found only in the heart

3.Smooth

-found in the blood vessel wall, within glands, along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts 

Homeostasis is the state without change.

The internal environment of the body kept relatively stable.

Actually to maintain a stable internal enviorment our bodsies are constently changing (dynamic equilibrium)

What are some of the factors that affect homeostasis?

Receptor (sensor)

- sensetive to enviorment change 

Control Center (integration center)

- processes information from the receptor and sends out commands 

Effector

-responds to commands opposing stimuli

Stimulation of receptors triggers a response that changes the environment at that receptor 

-it is an escalated cycle 

-typically occurs when a potentially dangerous stressful process must be completed quickly

- Child Birth/Labor is a positive Feedback. 

What is negative Feedback?

-Minimizes change 

-setpoint varies with environments and acting 

-triggered by changes in the norm usually temperature, PH, or hormonal 

-Homeostasis is Negative Feedback 

Anatomical position is the common reference point:

-standing up straight

-Arma and legs straight; hands at side 

-Feet together

-Eyes, noes, toes, and palms facing forward

-right and left refer to that person; 

-right and left, not ours.

-body lining face forward up is in supine postion;

-body lying face down is in a prone position

1.) Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

2.) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

3.) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

4.) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

and 

What organs are in those regions?

-More precise than abdominopelvic quadrants

1.) Right hypochondriac region- small intestine, right kidney, gallbladder, liver 

2.) Epigastric region- Adrenal glands, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, liver, stomach, 

3.) Left hypochondriac regio- pancreas, left kidney, colon, spleen

4.) Right Lumbar region- right colon, liver, gallbladder

5.)Umbilical region- Duodenum, ileum, jejunum, umbilicus 

6.)Left Lubar region- left kidney descending colon

7.) Right inguinal region- cecum, appendix

8.) Hypogastric (pubic) region- female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, urinary bladder

9.) Left inguinal region- sigmoid colon, decending colon

-Superior: above, toward the head

-Inferior: below, toward the feet

-Proximal: toward the point of attachment 

-Distal: away from the point of attachment 

-Medial: toward the midline 

-Lateral: Away from the midline 

-Superficial: near or close to the bodies surface 

-Deep: toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

-Posterior/dorsal: the back 

-Anterior/ventral: the front

Body cavities are fluid-filled space

1.) dorsal(posterior) which includes the cranial (brain) and the vertebral (spinal cord)

2.) ventral/thoracic(anterior) which includes the thoracic(ribs), two pleural(lungs), pericardial(heart),  mediastinum(thymus and aorta) 

____________________________________

seperated by the diaphram 

3.) abdominopelvic which encloses the digestive organs and the kidneys

4.) the pelvic cavity that encloses the bladder and the reproductive organs

What are the sectional planes?

1.) Frontal

2.) Sagittal

3.) Transverse 

What are the different types of a sagittal plane?

1.) sagittal- separates left from right 

2.) midsagittal- which passes through the midline and into equal left and right 

3.) parasagittal- misses the midline, and it separates the body into unequal left and right sides. 

Frontal separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. 

Coronal is usually referring to the sections passing through the skull

Describe the transverse/horizontal plane. 

What is this cut called? 

this plane separates superior and inferior portions of the body. 

This cut is also called a cross section. 

-it is a delicate serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

-keeps the cavity moist and reduces friction

-permits the heart to change in size and shape when beating. 

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

1.) two pleural cavities 

-lined the pleura

-contain the lung 

2.)Mediastinum

-contains connective tissue, some organs, and mostly the pericardial cavity containing the heart

1.) they protect delicate organs from shock and impacts

2.) they permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs 

What are the body cavities of the trunk?

-composed of cells 

-detect and respond to stimuli

-homeostasis 

-organisms grow and develop

-offspring are produced

-metabolism 

-complex structural arrangement

What is atomic structure?

it is the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged nucleus and negatively electrons circling around it, within an atom. 

Atomic structure is what gives energy to atoms and then to molecules.

Ionic Bonds: a bond formed when electrons are transferred

Covalent Bonds: a bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Hydrogen Bonds: a bond formed by electrical attraction between hydrogen atoms carry a slight positive charge and another atom carries a slight negative charge. 

-Anabolism is the metabolic process that builds molecules the body needs. 

-Requires energy

-an example is synthesizing glucose 

-the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms 

-releases energy 

-an example of catabolism is breaking down glucose

Growth indicates a change in size 

whereas 

the development of something indicates there has been a transformation of the structure. 

-condensation

-anabolism synthesis 

-formation of a complex molecule by removing a water molecule

-the exact opposite of hydrolysis

An example of this:

A -H +HO - B--> A-B + H2O

-Hydro means water 

-lysis means to split 

-when one molecule in the bond is broken

-components of a water molecule (H and OH) are added to the fragments. 

An example of this is sugar sucrose may undergo hydrolysis 

AB + H20--> A- H + HO- B

the measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

7.35- 7.45

What is the pH level of the urine?

below 7 

contains more hydrogen then OH

equal to 7 

contains an equal number of hydrogen and OH

what is an alkaline pH?

Above 7

contains more OH than hydrogen 

what causes pH level causes a coma?

acidosis which is below a 7.35

when below 7.o it can cause a coma 

damaging of cells and tissues by:

-breaking chemical bonds

- changing slots of proteins (denaturing)

-altering cellular functions 

what is the alpha by beta class?

alpha and beta cells both produce different endocrine product:

Alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon 

and 

Beta cells produce insulin and most abundant of the islet cells

gross anatomy is what you can see with the naked eye

and 

Microscopic anatomy is when one must use a microscope to see what the naked eye cannot see

1.) Epithelial: forms barriers, covers every exposed surface, PROTECTS

2.) Connective: Diverse in appearance but all contain cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

3.) Muscle: contracts and produces movement, supports, generate heat

4.) Nervous: carries signals within the body, transmit electrical impulses, isolate and support neurons 

-delivered form arachidonic acid or Leukotrienes which is produced by cells in response to injury 

- prostaglandins are what is released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities, they are extremely powerful in minute quantities 

- released by damaged tissue stimulates nerve ending, producing a sensation of pain 

-linking a diglyceride to a nonlipid group

- this is a diglyceride 

-carbohydrate attached to a diglyceride 

-structurally relaxed

-can be synthesized by cells primarily from fatty acids 

tails are hydrophilic 

and

heads are hydrophobic

-each carbon in the tail has a 4 attached H or C

-they tend to more rigid 

-single bond to C

-solid at room temp

-come from animals 

-contains double bonds in the tail

-1 double bond= monounsaturated 

->1 double bond= polyunsaturated 

-fewer attached H 

-double bonds change the shape of the tail

-changes the way the body metabolizes fatty acids

-builds proteins

-there are 20 aa, differing in the R group 

-all 20 aa have the same structural components like:

: cental carbon attached to 4 dif groups 

: a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group

: R group

:different atoms of R groups give each aa its chemical properties  

What is a peptide bond?

-aa linked through dehydration synthesis 

-covalent bonds correct the carboxyl acid group of one aa to the amino group of another 

what is a polypeptide?

3 or more aa together

peptides that have over 100 aa are called proteins

What is ATP used for?

Ae\denosine Triphosphate 

Nucleotide bound to three phosphate

is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms

when a cell requires energy, ATP is broken down through hydrolysis

DNA: long-term storage of information 

RNA: instructions for the information 

DNA: double helix like a twisted ladder 

RNA: single-stranded and twists 

what kind of nucleotides do DNA and RNA have?

DNA: consist of a pair of nucleotide chains:

-the pair called complementary strands

-stands that twist other each opther to form a double helix

RNA: only has a single chain of nucleotides

basic cell theory:

1.) all living organisms are made of cells

2.)all new cells come from the division of preexisting cells

3.)cells are the smallest units that perform all vital

physiological functions to sustain life

-when specific cells are turned on or off

-specialization of cells

-the process of general specification= cell differentiation

What are the body fluid compartments?

-All fluids are either intracellular fluids (inside the cells) or extracellular fluid (outside of cells)

-The fluid that is inside the cell is called intracellular fluid or cytoplasm 

What is the plasma membrane?

-separates intracellular from extracellular 

-the extracellular are surrounded by fluid/ internal fluids is between cells in most tissues

-a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells(cell division) 

-interphase

-prophase

-metaphase

-anaphase

telophase