chemicals to which special receptor cells may be attuned

>vomeronasal or jacobson's organ 

learning in which there is a decrease in the response to a stimulus due to repetition

form of nonassociative learning 

heritable and genetically specified behavior

performed perfectly the first time 

hygenic strain vs non hygenic strain

found that one gene controlled for uncapping a cell, one gene for controlled larvae removal

showed the effect of a single gene on complex behavior 

birds songs

if bird doesn't hear song during critical period, it will song an abnormal song. if bird hears song of different bird species, will sing abnormal song

but if hears song sung by bird of own species at critical period, will sing correct song 

how does the behavior work?

we look at: 

internal physiology (processes that occur within living organisms)

different than the ecology or ultmate causation (why?) 

why has behavior evolved?

we look at the adapative value, or how the animal's survival or reproductive success has been influences

different than the proximate causation- how does the behavior work 

if females become receptive at different times of the year, males can mate sequentially with multiple females (polygyny)

if females are receptive at only one time of the year, males have little time for multiple mates (monogamy) 

if altricial, monogamous

if precocial, polygynous 

navigation- mature birds can correct their course when moved and find traditional grounds

orientation- young birds continue to fly in same direction after being moved without adjusting for the movement

"truly social"

1. division of labor in reproduction

2. cooperative care of brood

3. overlap of generations 

natural selection that favors "altruism" directed towards close relatives

"i would willingly lay down my life for two of my brothers or eight of my first cousins" 

siblings, parents r=.5

grandparents, grandchildren, uncles r=.25

cousins=.125

an allele that contributes to altruistic behavior can increase in frequency in a population if Br>C

C=cost

B=fitness benefit

r=coefficient of relatedness 

enhances effects of kin selection which increases probability of eusociality

females are diploid, males are haploid

so offspring are .75=r related to mothers 

most common, uneven resources

benefits: (plants: wind break, favorable microclimate)

(animals: locating food, surviving predator attacks) 

the measurement of a population

helps to predict how populations will change in future 

male and female structures on different individuals

"two house" 

hermaphroditic

male and female sexual structures on the same individual

"one house" 

alternate hermaphrodites

sex changes with environemental conditions

jack-in-the-pulpit 

benefits: increases mating possibilities, decreases inbreeding

costs: really expensive to be both male and female 

high latitudes, high altitudes, rapid temperature change, freshwater (vs marine)

why? more difficult to find mates, need to reproduce rapidly when conditions are good 

an organism that lives in or on another organism (host) from which it aquires nutrients

most parasites are host-specific.

low lethality, high intimacy 

all resources focused on reproduction in one short span of time, then dies

found in short lives species in which the cost of staying alive between broods is great, when fecundity entails large survivorship costs

r-selected species? 

produce offspring several times over many reproductive seasons

k-selected species? altricial? 

synchrony of of emergence must be very precise in order to flood predatos at the same time

emergence must not occur frequently, to prevent predators from cueing in 

ΔN =(b-d)N

Δt          

N=number of individuals in population

t=time

b=average birth rate per individual in population

d=average death rate per individual in population

if b>d population grows, b<d declines, b=d stays same 

maximum density of individuals that the environment can support 

carrying capacity of the environment limits population growth

become more severe as k is approached 

ΔN = r(k-N/k)N

Δt                

simple communities tend to have less diversity, fewer species

complex communitites more diversity and more species 

a model used to explain succession

colonizing species make the environment a little more suitable for other species 

a model used to explain succession

colonizing species make the environment less suitable for others

a model used to explain succession

new colonists are neither inhibited nor facilitated by previous colonists

the ways in which an organism adapts to environment to acquire essential resources

one species benefits, the other recieves no benefits and no harm

sea anemone and clownfish 

variation is needed to compete with a rapidly evolving background of ever changing environmental conditions: predators, parasites, prey

"now, here you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place"