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A developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. Haeckel |
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| A fundamental similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor |
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| the term used to describe species occuring in different geographic locations |
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| A trait that is the result of convergent evolution; structures have arisen independently, two or more times, because species have occupied similar types of environments on the Earth. |
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| The process whereby two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments. |
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| A group of spcies, a taxon, consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
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| A group that consists of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancesotor of included lineages. |
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| A group or species that are evolutionarily related to each other. In taxonomy, each species is placed into several taxons that form a hierarchy from large (domain) to small (genus). |
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| One of three features found in most promoters; the others are the transcriptional start site and response elements. |
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| The pattern of speciation in which a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations. |
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| A member of a class of primates that includes the monkeys and the hominoids; species are larger-brained and diurnal. |
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| A pattern of speciation in which a species is divided into two or more species. |
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| Humans and our most recent ancestors |
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| A group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
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| The hole through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. |
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| Variant forms of an enzyme produced at a genetic locus |
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| The same functional enzyme may be coded for by more than one locus, these variant forms of the enzyme are called... |
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| A locus with more than one allele of a gene |
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| How to calculate equilibrium frequency: |
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(1-BB fitness) (1-BB fitness)+(1-B'B' fitness) = qe |
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| Gene flow: The island-lsland model of migration |
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| Equal gene flow among populations |
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| Gene flow: Island model of migration |
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| Gene flow is one way in this model |
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| Gene flow: 'stepping-stone' model |
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Typical of streams, coastlines etc Genes move in a linear sequence through populations |
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| May increase or decrease the rate of transcription |
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| Transcriptional response element/operator site |
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| May alter the regulation of transcription |
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| May alter the ability of pre-mRNA to be properly spliced |
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| Translational response element |
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| May alter the ability of mRNA to be translationally regulated |
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Entire organism carries the mutation. Half of gametes carry the mutation. |
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Patch of affected area. None of the gametes carry the mutation. |
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one X chromosome in the somatic cells of the female mammals is inactivated, meaning that its genes are not expressed. Barr body |
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| Modification of a gene or chromosome during egg formation, sperm formation, or early stages of embryo growth alters gene expression in a way that is fixed during an individual's lifetime. |
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| The genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring. |
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| The transmission of genes that are located outside the cell nucleus |
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| The alleles of one gene mask the expression o the alleles of another gene. |
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| A single trait is controlled by two or more genes, each of which has two or more alleles. |
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| Inheritance patterns involving two or more genes that are close together on the same chromosome. These genes do not assort independently. |
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Organisms with three or more sets of chromosomes. |
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An alteration in the number of particular chromosomes, so that the total number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of a set. For example, an abnormal fruit fly could contain nine chromosomes instead of eight because it had three copies of chromosome 2 instead of the normal 2. |
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| An event in which the chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division. |
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| Contains at least one set of chromosomes from two or more different species. |
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| A change in the direction of the genetic material along a single chromosome. |
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Occurs when one segment of a chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome. Simple translocation=a single piece of chromosome is attached to another chromosome. Reciporical translocation= two different types of chromosomes exchange pieces, thereby producing two abnormal chromosomes carrying translocations. |
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| A missing region of a chromosome. |
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| A section of chromosome occurs two or more times in a row. |
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| Change in an organism resulting from natural selection; a structure that is the result of such selection |
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| A monophyletic taxon; a group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor of all the taza and all of the descendants of that common ancestor. |
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| All the taxa descended from a major cladogensis event, recognized by possessing the clade's major ancestral traits, e.g. all eukaryotes sharing common cellular characteristics. See also stem group. |
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| When one organism takes up permanent residence within another, such that the two evolve to become a single functional organism. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have resulted from endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotes. |
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| A population measure that is an estimate of the degree to which phenotypic variation in the population is a function of genotypic variation. It is not the same thing as genetic determination of a trait in an individual. |
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| evolutionary processes that result in changes within and among populations (Hardy-Weinberg perturbations) as the foundation for macroevolutionary change |
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| A term to describe the large scale phenotypic change associated with differences among taxa above the species level, e.g. genera, families, classes etc. |
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| The development of an individual organism from zygote until maturity (or until daeth by some definitions, especially for species with indeterminate growth) |
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| the range of variability expressed for a trait of particular genotype that is a function of environmental variation (reaction norm) |
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merging of distinct lineages of a phylogenetic tree. generally through hybridization or through lateral gene transfer to produce a new lineage. Fairly common in certain and plants through hybridization and polyploidy, but relatively rare among animals. Contrast with anagenesis and cladogenesis. |
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Field of biology that deals with diversity of life. Usually divided into two areas of phylogenetics and taxonomy. |
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Speciation that occurs as a result of the geographic separation and subsequent isolation of protions of an original population. This is of particular importance in explaining distribution of different, but related taxa, on seperate contininents. e.g. marsupials of the North and South America and Australia as caused by contintental drift. |
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