Term
| Thiols have this functional group |
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Definition
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Term
| First to see cells; they were from oak bark |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, R-group |
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Term
| This isomer differs in the way their atoms are attached |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Why are steroids and phospholipids key components of plasma membranes? |
|
Definition
| Because they both have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (amphipathic) |
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|
Term
| How was the double helix shape first detected? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is a particular membrane less permeable? |
|
Definition
| Straight tails on the phospholipids (saturated fatty acids) so they fit together better |
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Term
| Condensation reactions bond the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid to form a.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between ribose and deoxyribose |
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Definition
| Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom |
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|
Term
| Which substances cross lipid bilayers (membranes) slowly or not at all? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The most abundant element in cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothesis that explains how carbon containing compounds could have formed more complex, living molecules |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Only certain substances can cross easily |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The amount of rungs in one turn of the helix |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The kind of bond that holds the strands of the helix together |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A protein's ______ _______ is the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A ______ protein is unable to function normally |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a neutrally charged atom these are always equal |
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Definition
| The number of protons and electrons |
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Term
| Changes in populations that occur when humans select individuals to produce certain offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| Pasteur disproved this hypothesis using a swan neck |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the most abundant elements in organisms, this one can have the most chemical bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| The two conditions that must be met in order for natural selection to occur |
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Definition
| Variability in a heritable way and varieties of heritable traits result in survival (fitness) |
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Term
| The bonds between monosaccharides to form a polysaccharide |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A family of lipids with a bulky, four-ring structure |
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Definition
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Term
| The 7 levels of Linnaean taxonomy in order from largest to smallest |
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Definition
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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Term
| This occurs when a molecule similar in size and shape to the substrate competes with the substrate for active site bonding |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory which states that RNA was the first lifeform |
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Definition
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Term
| A glycerol linked to a phosphate group and two fatty acids or two isoprene chains |
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Definition
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Term
| When water reacts with a polymer to release a monomer |
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Definition
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Term
| Polysaccharides commonly used for storage or structure |
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Definition
| Starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose, peptidoglycan |
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Term
| In secondary structure, hydrogen bonds form between... |
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Definition
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Term
| Linneaean taxonomy is based off of these two levels of classification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proteins with covalent bonds to carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycans, glycoproteins |
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Term
| The biologists whose research revealed the helical shape |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Term
| The kingdom that includes all prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of isomer differs in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of molecules and ions that results from kinetic energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The kind of bond that forms between nucleotides in the backbone of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| It keeps excess sodium ions outside the cell and excess potassium ions inside |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This bond allows carbohydrates to have more free energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 5 fundamental characteristics of organisms |
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Definition
| Energy, cells, information, replication, and evolution |
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Term
| A change in the characteristics of a population over time |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The term which is used to describe R groups which do not react well with water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fats, steroids, and phospholipids |
|
Definition
| The three main types of lipids |
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Term
| Either a trios, pentose, or hexose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first person to recognize cells, viewed in oak bark |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lens manufacturer who, with better microscopes, was the first to see single-celled "animalcules" in pond water |
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Term
|
Definition
| The original theory that cells came from nowhere, but this was because their causes (like fly eggs, spores, etc.) were not observable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The experiment that disproved the spontaneous generation hypothesis; he put nutrient-rich broth in a swan-necked flask and boiled it to kill all the cells already in it. Then, when preexisting cells tried to enter, they were caught in the swan neck and reproduced, while the broth in the flask itself remained sterile. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Species are interrelated and can change through time.
2. A change in allele frequencies within a population |
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Term
|
Definition
A change in the genetic makeup of a population. Two conditions must be met:
-Individuals must vary in a heritable way
-Varieties of heritable traits affect fitness |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability for an animal to survive and reproduce |
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Term
|
Definition
| When humans breed things to have pleasing characteristics (Brassica oleracea to have thick stalks and so become broccoli, dog breeding, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In 1735 he developed Linnaean taxonomy (the binomial nomenclature system using genus and species) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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Term
|
Definition
| The science of classifying organisms |
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|
Term
| Two main taxonomic groupings |
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Have a membrane-bound nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Developed before eukaryotes, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. They are bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mammalia, Monera (the only prokaryotic kingdom), Protista (mostly single-celled organisms), Plantae, Fungi |
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Term
| Molecules in classification |
|
Definition
| The sequence of nucleotides in rRNA determines an organism's genetic makeup. The closer these sequences are between two species, the closer they are on the tree of life in classification. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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|
Term
| Chemical evolution hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Explains how complex carbon-containing compounds (and life) could have formed from simpler molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| The theory that earth and the moon formed from the same nebula; unaccepted because of the dissimilarity of their makeups (the moon should have an iron core). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Using carbon-14 to estimate the earth's age and when life first appeared |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms of an element with a different number of neutrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Isotopes which decay over time, releasing radiation particles to form new daughter isotopes |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which radioactive isotopes are formed |
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Term
|
Definition
| The time it takes for half of a quantity of an isotope to decay |
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Term
|
Definition
| About 4.5 billion years; this is determined based on dating the moon and meteorites, because the earth was molten at its start, making radiometric dating impossible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ~3.8 bya; carbon grains were found with high carbon-12 concentration, which living organisms prefer because of its lighter weight. |
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|
Term
| Building blocks of chemical evolution |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. 96% of cells are made up of these. They usually have at least one unpaired valence electron, which allows pairing and chemical bonding. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sharing of electrons between two atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are shared equally (the atoms have equal electronegativity) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Uneven sharing of electrons (unequal electronegativity) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds electrons more tightly and has a partial negative charge (delta-) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds electrons more loosely and has a partial positive charge (delta+) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive ion; missing electrons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative ion; has extra electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| An atom can have 8 electrons in its outer valence shell |
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|
Term
| Common single covalent bonds |
|
Definition
| Methane (CH4), water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can occur if there are two or three unpaired electrons, respectively |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angles between the bonds, which determine the shapes of molecules. Bond angles depend on the orbitals in the bond. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| States the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows which atoms are bonded together and indicates double and triple bonds, but not 3D geometry |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows atom sizes in a molecule relative to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows a molecule with sticks connecting the balls representing bonds between atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen - white, carbon - black, nitrogen - blue, oxygen - red |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sum of the mass numbers of all the atoms in a molecule (in amu) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 6.022e23 molecules, with a mass equal to the molecular weight but expressed in grams |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Expresses concentration of a solute in solution in moles/liter (M) |
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|
Term
| Main components of the early atmosphere |
|
Definition
| Volcanic gases, mostly CO2, N2, and H20 |
|
|
Term
| Secondary components of the early atmosphere |
|
Definition
| H2, NH3, and CH4, important because they could form formaldehyde (H2CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) |
|
|
Term
| Redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction |
|
Definition
| One molecule in the reaction is oxidized and one is reduced. An electron donor is always paired with an electron acceptor. This kind of reaction results in a loss of potential energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Losing electrons; in biological systems, this usually translates to losing hydrogen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaining electrons; in biological systems, this usually translates to gaining hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| The versatility of carbon allows... |
|
Definition
| ...it to form multiple bonds with many molecules in a variety of different shapes (like straight lines with octane (C8H18) or rings with glucose (C6H12O6)). This facilitated the formation of complex organic molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules found in organisms, which contain C-C bonds |
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|
Term
| Reaction to produce formaldehyde |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2 -> H2CO + H2O; reduction |
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|
Term
| Chemical evolution step 1 |
|
Definition
| Simple molecules (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, ammonia, and nitrogen) were present in the early atmosphere |
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|
Term
| Chemical evolution step 2 |
|
Definition
| Simple molecules formed into more complex molecules with reduced carbon, like formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, through redox reactions in the presence of light |
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|
Term
| Chemical evolution step 3 |
|
Definition
| After heating, molecules with reduced carbon combined to form even more complex molecules with C-C bonds, like ribose, acetaldehyde, and glycine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Groups containing H, N, or O atoms that bonded to molecules structured around carbon to determine their function |
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|
Term
| Six common functional groups |
|
Definition
| Amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acts as a base, oftentimes attracting proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aldehydes and ketones; aldehydes especially react with molecules to produce HR2, with form |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acts as an acid; tends to lose a proton in formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly polar, so makes compounds more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking O-P bonds between several linked phosphate groups releases lots of energy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| If present in proteins, these can form S-S bonds, which contribute to protein structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something that dissolves substances |
|
|
Term
| Why is water an efficient solvent? |
|
Definition
| Because H-O bonds are polar (oxygen has high electronegativity). This means molecules are pulled toward the oxygen and hydrogen bonds might form. These help solutes stay in solution |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, bent shape, and highly polar bonds |
|
|
Term
| How does water's structure contribute to its physical properties? |
|
Definition
| It is less dense when frozen (since there are more hydrogen bonds connecting molecules in a crystal pattern) and can absorb a lot of heat (because of its high specific heat; ~4.18 liquid and 2.03 solid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of energy required to raise one gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of energy required to change one gram of a substance from liquid to gas |
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|
Term
| Importance of water's properties |
|
Definition
| Its heat absorption capacity would have protected hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde in solution from disruption in the early environment (asteroids, volcanoes) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acid transfers protons to a base |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Logarithmic; pH = -log(H+) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A graduate student who in 1953 performed a spark discharge experiment to study chemical evolution |
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|
Term
| Spark discharge experiment |
|
Definition
| Two flasks; one containing boiling water (early ocean) and the other containing ammonia, methane, and hydrogen (early atmosphere). With the addition of electricity (lightning) to the atmosphere flask, the water changed colors and hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde were found, even along with some amino acids (the second part of chemical evolution) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The subunit (monomer) of proteins; there are 20 of them. They all have: NH2 (amino group), COOH (carboxyl group), H, and an R group around a central carbon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This makes the ionized form of the amino acid; the amino group has a positive charge and acts as a base, while the carboxyl group acts as an acid |
|
|
Term
| How do the amino acids differ? |
|
Definition
| In their R groups, which vary in size, shape, reactivity, and interaction with water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are no charged atoms to form hydrogen bonds, so they are not soluble in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have partial charges and so can form hydrogen bonds and are water soluble |
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|
Term
| Electrically charged R groups |
|
Definition
| Split up into acids and bases; they are highly soluble in water because of the charges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules with the same molecular formula but varying structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differ in the order in which their atoms are attached:
H H
| |
Ethanol: H-C-C-OH
| |
H H
H H
| |
Dimethyl ether: H-C-O-C-H
| |
H H |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differ in the arrangement of atoms about a double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are mirror images of one another; there are right-handed and left-handed forms, and our cells prefer the left-handed version (Thalidomide, a right-handed version, caused birth defects) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subunit of a more complex molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological macromolecules |
|
Definition
| Proteins (polypeptides), carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Happens through dehydration synthesis (a condensation reaction), which releases a water molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water reacts with a polymer to release a monomer; reverse of dehydration synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bond between amino acids in proteins; during condensation they form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for a protein; they are flexible (peptide bonds can rotate) and have directionality from amino group to carboxyl group, and side chains (R-groups) extend out from the backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amino end of an amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The carboxyl end of an amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Four levels of protein structure |
|
Definition
| Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unique sequence of amino acids; helps determine protein structure because of the uniqueness of the R-groups (red blood cells vs. sickles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amino hydrogen of another. The chains must bend to allow this bonding, which results in alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets (which have directionality in the carboxyl group direction). Which one depends on primary structure. The large number of the hydrogen bonds increases the stability of the polypeptide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3D shape, determined by R-groups, which can interact with other side chains or with the backbone, causing bends and folds. |
|
|
Term
| Five types of side chain interactions in tertiary structure |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, covalent (disulfide) bonding, ionic bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They form between hydrogen atoms and the carbonyl group in the backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In water, hydrophilic side chains interact, leaving hydrophobic side chains to coalesce and form hydrogen bonds in globular masses, increasing their stability. |
|
|
Term
| van der Waals interactions |
|
Definition
| Weak bonds between hydrophobic side chains, caused by minute partial charges on each |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bonds between two sulfur-containing R-groups |
|
|
Term
| Ionic bonding (tertiary structure) |
|
Definition
| Form between groups with full and opposite charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bonding between several polypeptide subunits in a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes the protein more energetically stable; often spontaneous because of the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An unfolded protein, unable to function normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies and complement proteins |
|
Definition
| Used in defense to destroy disease-causing viruses and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Contractile and motor proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyze chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act as signals to help coordinate activities of many cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receive chemical signals from outside cell and initiate response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide support for cells and tissues; form structures such as hair, feathers, cocoons, and spider webs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Move substances across the cell membrane and throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies and complement proteins, contractile and motor proteins, enzymes, peptide hormones, receptor proteins, structural proteins, and transport proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adding energy to initiate a chemical reaction; important because for early molecules to copy themselves, they would have had to catalyze themselves as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy added to the kinetic energy of reactants in a chemical reaction to get them to reach the transition state; this is why chemical reactions tend to go faster at higher temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that lowers the activation energy in a reaction by stabilizing the transition state; they are not consumed in the reaction. They do not, however, change the free energy in the reaction (delta G) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The molecule that is being catalyzed by an enzyme; they are specific to different enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where a substrate binds to an enzyme; the R-groups here help facilitate hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, and proton transfer with the substrate |
|
|
Term
| Three steps of enzyme action |
|
Definition
| Initiation, transition state facilitation, and termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactants bind to the active site |
|
|
Term
| Transition state facilitation |
|
Definition
| Interactions between the substrate and active site R-groups lower the activation energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction products are released from the enzyme, as they have a low affinity for the active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things that help enzymes function normally; they can include metal ions or coenzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small organic molecules that help enzymes act normally |
|
|
Term
| Methods of enzyme regulation |
|
Definition
| Competitive inhibition and regulatory molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules similar to substrates bind to the active site rather than substrates themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules which bind to the enzyme at a location other than the active site and change the shape so the active site is inaccessible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulation which does not affect the active site directly |
|
|
Term
| What limits the rate of catalysis? |
|
Definition
| At low substrate concentrations, the catalyst improves the reaction rate linearly, but it plateaus at higher concentrations of substrate. Enzymes with high substrate affinity plateau quicker. This is generally affected by pH and temperature; each enzyme has different optimal temperatures and pH levels. |
|
|
Term
| How does ATP drive endergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
The chemical energy of its phosphate groups (PO4 3-) can split up one endergonic reaction into two exergonic reactions:
Step 1: ATP transfers one of its three phosphate groups to a substrate, giving an active substrate and ADP (exergonic)
Step 2: the active substrate reacts normally. The extra energy from its phosphate group makes the reaction exergonic. |
|
|
Term
| Was the first living entity a protein? |
|
Definition
| Probably not; though proteins are efficient catalysts, they do not provide templates for self-replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monomers of nucleic acids, which are each composed of a phosphate group bonded to a pentose to a nitrogeneous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotides whose pentose is ribose (with an oxygen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotides whose pentose is deoxyribose (missing an oxygen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytosine, uracil (only in ribonucleotides), and thymine (only in deoxyribonucleotides) |
|
|
Term
| Could chemical evolution result in the production of nucleotides? |
|
Definition
| Early earth experiments have not yet demonstrated so; pyrimidines are not easily synthesized under early earth conditions, and there would have had to be more common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bonds joining nucleotides at the phosphate group on the 5' carbon and the OH group on the 3' carbon. They join when ATP is added (giving each nucleotide two extra phosphate groups). |
|
|
Term
| Why is the nucleotide backbone polar? |
|
Definition
| At one end there is an unlinked 5' carbon and at the other there is an unlinked 3' carbon. The nucleotide sequence is written 5' -> 3' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scientists who drew conclusions about the structure of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double helix, with the hydrophilic sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and the purine-pyrimidine pairs on the inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scientist who determined the number of purines was equal to the number of pyrimidines, and the number of A equaled the number of T, and similarly for G and C |
|
|
Term
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
|
Definition
| Using x-ray crystallography, they calculated the distances between groups of atoms in a DNA molecule; three distances (.34 nm, 2 nm, and 3.4 nm) were repeated many times. This implied a repeating structure in DNA, and the pattern of scattering suggested a helical molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A-T (two hydrogen bonds) and G-C (three hydrogen bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strands of DNA run 5' to 3' in one direction and 3' to 5' in the other |
|
|
Term
| Distance between bases in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Length of one complete DNA helix turn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of rungs in one turn of DNA helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determined by ordering of nitrogeneous base pairs; this way, each strand serves as a template for replication |
|
|
Term
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Definition
1. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs break, and the helix separates
2. Each strand of DNA serves as a template for the formation of a new strand, according to complementary bases
3. When the new nucleotides are added in complementary order, the structure is restored |
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Term
| Could the first lifeform have been made of DNA? |
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Definition
| of its stability, it is a reliable store of genetic information. However, this also makes it a poor catalyst, so RNA is a more likely candidate |
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Term
| Differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
1. RNA has uracil rather than thymine
2. RNA has ribose rather than deoxyribose--the presence of this oxygen makes it more reactive than DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed because of the folding over of complementary RNA base pairs on the same strand. Sometimes this happens multiple times, or between RNA strands, giving RNA tertiary or quaternary structure and much variability in their properties. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Complementary bases bond to those already on the single strand
2. Eventually they form a full, complementary strand
3. Strands separate, forming two independent molecules |
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Term
| Could the first lifeform have been made of RNA? |
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Definition
| Despite its unstability, RNA could have survived long enough to replicate itself, due partially to its capacity to contain information and partially to its ability to catalyze itself. This has been replicated in laboratory experiments. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA catalysts, which start the condensation reactions of phosphodiester linkages |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to reproduce and metabolize |
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Term
| Properties of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Chemical formula of (CH2O)n, contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and many C-H bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple sugars; have varying placement the carbonyl group. Number of carbon atoms can be 3, 5, or six. They are numbered starting at the end closes to the carbonyl group. They also vary in the placement of their OH groups, so that many sugars have the same formula but different structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of monosaccharides, which are formed by condensation reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds between monosaccharides in a polysaccharide; they can form between any two OH groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores plant sugar; monomers are joined by alpha 1,4 linkages, which form a helical shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores animal sugar; joined by alpha 1,4 linkages; about one of every 10 glucose monomers branches (forms 1,6 bonds) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of starch; about one of every 30 glucose monomers branches |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of starch; no branches |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary plant cell wall component; polymer of beta glucose linked by alpha 1,4 bonds in a sheet |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine monomers, in the cell walls of fungi and algae and in insect and crustacean exoskeletons. They flip as they bond in sheets, allowing hydrogen bonds between them. |
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Term
| Alpha glycosidic linkages |
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Definition
| Oxygen between molecules is down |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen between molecules is up |
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Term
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Definition
| Composes bacteria cell walls; made of alternating N-acetyl-muramic acid (M) and N-acetyl-glucosamine (G). Each M monomer is linked to an amino acid chain, which are in turn linked together by peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Some kill bacteria by disrupting peptide bonds in peptidoglycan, thus weakening their cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
- Synthesis of other molecules
- Cell protection
- Cell identity
- Store energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Information is displayed on the outside of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins on the outside of cell which have covalently bonded to carbohydrates and give identifying information about the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| When they are formed (usually through photosynthesis), energy is stored in C-H bonds; this means they have extra electrons to give in the form of ATP, which drives endergonic reactions and does cell work |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of molecules (mostly lipids) surrounding a cell that regulates internal environment and passage of molecules in and out of the cell. The development of a plasma membrane around a self-replicator created the first cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a major hydrocarbon component; mostly nonpolar and hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl (COOH) group; a key building block for lipid synthesis in organisms |
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Term
| Three types of cellular lipids |
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Definition
| Steroids, phospholipids, and fat |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-carbon glycerol linked to a phosphate group and two isoprene chains or fatty acids. The chains are nonpolar and hydrophobic, but the head is polar and hydrophilic because of its oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four-ring structure made of isoprene subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| Tryglycerol or triglyceride; a glycerol linked to three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by condensation reactions between glycerol hydroxyl groups and fatty acid carboxyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| They have a hydrophobic central region and a hydrophilic outer region (phospholipids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Polar heads out, so they can interact with the water in our bodies and inside the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability for things to travel in and out of the membrane |
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Term
| Selective permeability of lipid bilayers |
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Definition
| Small and nonpolar molecules move easily across, but large or polar molecules cross slowly, if at all. The correct ion concentration is maintained by special proteins embedded in the layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| when unsaturated fats are manually resaturated with hydrogen (like in peanut butter, so the oil will be solid & easier to spread). This is less healthy, though. |
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Term
| No unsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
| Lower permeability because they are packed tightly together, so they are solids at room temperature |
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Term
| Many unsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
| More permeable, liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; ions and large molecules would not diffuse |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction molecules in solution should move |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water in the same fashion as diffusion, but when the solutes cannot move themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| When the outside solution has greater solute concentration than inside; water goes out of the cell; could shrink the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| When the outside solution has less solute concentration than the inside; water goes into the cell; could burst the cells through lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentrations are equal |
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Term
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Definition
Monomer: amino acid
Bond: peptide bond
Reaction: condensation |
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Term
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Definition
Monomer: monosaccharide
Bond: glycosidic linkage
Reaction: condensation |
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Term
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Definition
Monomer: nucleotide
Bond: hydrogen (between bases), phosphodiester linkages (on backbone)
Reaction: condensation |
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Term
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Definition
Monomer: fatty acids (long chains) and isoprenes (short)
Bond: ester linkages
Reaction: condensation |
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