1) Generally single-celled organisms

2) Greatly outnumber and outweigh all eukaryotes

3) Flourish in all habitats

4)Usually 0.5-5 micrometersin diameter

5) Usually spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), or spirals (spirullus)

A matrix composed of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides

- Found in the cell walls of bacteria but NOT archaea

Bacteria with walls containing a thicker layer of peptidoglycan

- Appears blue or violet

Bacteria with more complex walls including an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

- Appears red

Hairlike appendages on the outside of a prokaryote's cell wall that are specialized for the exchange of DNA between prokaryotes

-Longer and less numerous than fimbrae

1) Lack of a plasma membrane cover

2) Structure

3) Function

A process where a random piece of host DNA may be accidentally packaged within a phage and introduced into a new bacterium

- Recombination may occur when the newly introduced DNA replaces the homologous region of a bacterial chromosome

Species that live in extreme habitats

- Many archaea are extremophiles

Organisms that live in extremely saline waters

- Many halophiles are in the clade Euryarchaeota

Organisms that live in hot sulfur springs and near deep-sea hydrothermal vents

- FIt into the clade Crenarchaeota

Organisms that have a unique energy motabolism in which CO2 is used to oxidize H2, producing methane (CH4) as waste

- Methanogens live in swamps/marshes and are important decomposers in cattle and other herbivores

- In the clade Euryarchaeota

1) Proteobacteria

2) Chlamydias

3) Spirochetes

4) Gram-positive Bacteria

5) Cyanobacteria

A nutritionally diverse group of aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria

- 5 Subgroups of Proteobacteria

1) Alpha proteobacteria: many are mutually symbionts or parasites of eukaryotes

2) Beta Proteobacteria: including soil bacteria Nitrosomonas

3) Gamma Proteobacteria: including photosynthetic sulfur bacteria and pathogens and enterics like E. coli

4) Delta Proteobacteria: including the colony-forming myxobacteria

5) Epsilon Proteobacteria: the mostly pathogenic group including stomach ulcer-causing Heliobacter pylori

Helical heerotrophs that move in a corkscrew fashion

- Cause syphilis and Lyme disease

A diverse group with subgroups

- Actinomycetes: most are colonial soil bacteria; responsible for anthrax and botulism

- Mycoplasmas: the smallest of all cells and the only bacteria that lack cell walls

Have plantlike, oxygenic photosynthesis and are important producers in freshwater and marine ecosystems.

-Some filmanetous cyanobacteria have specialized cells for nitrogen fixation

Organisms that return carbon, nitrogen, and other elements to the environment for assimilation into new living forms

- Decomposers convert inorganic compounds into forms that other organisms can use

An ecological relationship involving closer contact between organisms of different species

- Host (larger organism) and symbiont (smaller organism)

Lipopolysaccharides released from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that have died

- Cause typhoid fever and Salmonella food poisoning

The use of organisms to remove environmental pollutants

- Used to treat sewage, oil spills, mining industry, etc.

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals

- Primarily unicellular organisms but include a few multicellular species

1) Excavata

2) Chromalveolata

3) Rhizaria

4) Archaeplastida

5) Unikonta

Based on morphological studies of the cytoskeleton and an "excavated" feeding groove found in its members

- Include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

Have two nuclei, modified mitochondria, no plastids, and multiple flagella

- Have mitosomes which have an undetermined function and lack electron transport chains

Flagellate protozoa, whose flagella are arranged in clusters near the anterior of the cell.

- Anaerobic

- Contain reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes which generate energy anaerobically, releasing H2

A single large mitochondrion containing a mass of DNA

-Characteristic of the group kinetoplastids which include free-living heterotrophs and parasites

Characterized by one or two flagella that emerge from the anterior end

-Many photosynthetic Euglena switch to heterotrophy in the absence of sunlight

A major line of protists characterized by membrane-bound alveoli under the plasma membrane

- Alveoli stabilize the cell surface or osmoregulate

- Include the phylas dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

Unicellular with two perpendicular flagella between cellulose plates that creates a spinning movement

- Make up a large proportion of marine and freshwater phytoplankton

- Half of dinoflagellates are hetertrophic

collared, flagellated cells that line the spongocoel and help in collecting food partilces

*resemble the cells of choanoflagellates

cells in the mesohyl that take up food, digest it, and carry nutrients to other cells (in place of true tissue)

they also form skeletal fibers = spicules or fibers

-sessile animals founds in fresh and marine waters

-hermaphrodites - sperm carried through osculum and fertilize eggs retained in neighboring sponge mesohyl

-produce defensive compounds

hydras, jellies, anemones, corals

anatomy: sac with central gastrovascular cavity and single opening that serves as both mouth and anus

two forms: polyp + medusa

lophophore: feeding structure found in members and trohochophore larva in others

*phyla include: flatworms, turbellarians, trematodes, cestoidea, rotifers, 

protonephridia

oligochaetes

roundworms: water, soil, bodies of plants and animals. tough cuticle, alimentary canal. fluid in pseudocoelom circulates nutrients. reproduction is sexual, fertilization is external, zygotes are resistant cells.

*decomposers, pests, parasites

segmentation, hard exoskeleton, joined appendages. 

evolved from lobopods - extant lobopods share all the arthropod Hox genes. 

exoskeleton probably first evoloved in seas as protection and muscle anchorage, but with terrestrial diversification, now functions as protection from desiccation support

extensive cephalization and well-developed sensory organs. 

heart pumps hemolymph through open circulatory system (hemocoel)

tracheal systems of branching internal ducts (rather than gills in aquatic species)

4 lineages: cheliceriforms, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans

horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks

clawlike chelicerae = pincers/fangs for feeding

anterior cephalothorax and absomen

*arachnids: book lungs function in gas exchange

insects: head has fused segments with antennae, compound eyes, mouthparts, thorax, abdomen with obvious segments.

nervous system: cerebral ganglion and paired ventral nerve cords with segmental ganglia. 

malpighian tubules, outpockets of digestive tract, function in excretion

trachael tubes - respiratory system

protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella.

include diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

predatory hetero and autotrophs + pathogenic parasites (spiral/rod inside flagella).

large mitochondrion has mass of DNA = kinetoplast (chracteristics of kinetoplastids)

may have originated from secondary endosymbiosis (ancestor engulfed a red algae)

alveolates (dinaflgellates, apicomplexans, ciliates); stramenopiles (diatoms, golden and brown algae); oomycetes

golden: yellow and brown carotenoids, unicellular, biflagellated, marine and freshwater plankton

brown: largest and complex algae (seaweed - some have tissue and organs). seaweed have thallus (body) with rootlike holdfast and stemlike stripe that support leaflike blades

water olds, white rusts, downy mildews. no plastids. cell walls made of cellulose therefore not related to fungi. 

water mold eggs fertilized by a smaller sperm nucleus. zygotes germinate to form hyphae. important decomposers

rusts and mildews = destructive parasites of land parasites