Term
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Definition
• All organisms consists of one or more cells
• A cell is the smallest unit with the properties of life
• Each new cell arises from division of another, preexisting cell
• Each cell passes its hereditary material to its offspring |
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Term
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Definition
In 1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the basic concepts
of the modern ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
the first to describe small organisms
seen through a microscope, which he called animalcules and
beasties |
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Term
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Definition
| the first to sketch and name cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit that shows the properties of life |
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Term
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Definition
Cell interior is divided into functional compartments, including a
nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, simple cells without a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls substances passing in and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A semifluid mixture containing cell components |
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Term
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Definition
A double layer of phospholipids organized with their hydrophilic
heads outwards and their hydrophobic tails inwards |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria and archaea are _________ (“before the
nucleus”), the smallest and most metabolically diverse forms
of life |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
_________ (“true nucleus”) cells carry out much of their
metabolism inside membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure that carries out a specialized function within a cell |
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Term
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Definition
• Two lipid bilayers pressed together as a single membrane
surrounding the nucleus
• Outer bilayer is continuous with the ER
• Nuclear pores allow certain substances to pass through the
membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Viscous fluid inside the nuclear envelope, similar to cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
A dense region in the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are
assembled from proteins and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| All DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
• A single DNA molecule with its attached proteins
• During cell division, chromosomes condense and become visible
in micrographs
• Human body cells have 46 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
• A series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane
• Makes lipids, enzymes, and proteins for secretion or insertion
into cell membranes
• Other specialized cell functions |
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Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous,
folded compartment |
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Term
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Definition
folds polypeptides into their tertiary
form |
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Term
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Definition
makes lipids, breaks down
carbohydrates and lipids, detoxifies poisons |
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Term
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Definition
Small, membrane-enclosed saclike organelles that store or
transport substances |
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Term
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Definition
Vesicles containing enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide,
alcohol, and other toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicles for waste disposal |
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Term
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Definition
• A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides
and lipids delivered by the ER
• Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the
plasma membrane or to lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest
waste materials |
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Term
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Definition
• Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through
aerobic respiration
• Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer
compartments; buildup of hydrogen ions in the outer
compartment drives ATP synthesis
• Has its own DNA and ribosomes
• Resembles bacteria; may have evolved through endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants
and algae; includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
• Plastids specialized for photosynthesis
• Resemble photosynthetic bacteria; may have evolved by
endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
• A plant organelle that occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cell’s interior
• Stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, toxins
• Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm |
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Term
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Definition
A thin, pliable wall formed by secretion of cellulose into the
coating around young plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
A strong wall composed of lignin, formed in some plant stems
and roots after maturity |
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Term
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
A nonliving, complex mixture of fibrous proteins and
polysaccharides secreted by and surrounding cells; structure and
function varies with the type of tissue
• Example: Bone is mostly ECM, composed of collagen (fibrous
protein) and hardened by mineral deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| A bone cell surrounded by extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
_________ ____________ allow cells to interact with each other and the
environment |
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Term
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Definition
In plants, ______________ extend through cell walls to
connect the cytoplasm of two cells |
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Term
tight junctions,
adhering junctions,
gap junctions |
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Definition
| three types of cell junctions |
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Term
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Definition
• An interconnected system of many protein filaments – some
permanent, some temporary
• Parts of the cytoskeleton reinforce, organize, and move cell
structures, or even a whole cell |
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Term
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Definition
• Long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin
• Form dynamic scaffolding for cell processes |
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Term
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Definition
• Consist mainly of the globular protein actin
• Make up the cell cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintain cell and tissue structures |
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Term
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Definition
• Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks
of microtubules and microfilaments
• Energized by ATP
• Example: kinesins |
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Term
| Eukaryotic flagella and cilia |
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Definition
• Whiplike structures formed from microtubules organized into 9 +
2 arrays
• Grow from a centriole which remains in the cytoplasm as a basal
body |
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Term
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Definition
“False feet” used by amoebas and other eukaryotic cells to move
or engulf prey |
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Term
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Definition
___________ _____________ regulate the movement of substances in
and out of cells |
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Term
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Definition
• Describes the organization of cell membranes
• Phospholipids drift and move like a fluid
• The bilayer is a mosaic mixture of phospholipids, steroids,
proteins, and other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
• The ability of a cell membrane to control which substances and
how much of them enter or leave the cell
• Allows the cell to maintain a difference between its internal
environment and extracellular fluid
• Supplies the cell with nutrients, removes wastes, and maintains
volume and pH |
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Term
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Definition
The number of molecules (or ions) of substance per unit volume
of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
• The difference in concentration between two adjacent regions
• Molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
• The net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
• Moves substances into, through, and out of cells
• A substance diffuses in a direction set by its own concentration
gradient, not by the gradients of other solutes around it |
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Term
1) Size
2) Temperature
3) Steepness of the concentration gradient
4) Charge
5) Pressure |
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Definition
| Rate of diffusion depends on what five factors? |
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Term
| Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) |
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Definition
• Requires no energy input
• A passive transport protein allows a specific solute (such as
glucose) to follow its concentration gradient across a membrane
• A gated passive transporter changes shape when a specific
molecule binds to it |
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Term
|
Definition
• Requires energy input (usually ATP)
• Moves a solute against its concentration gradient, to the
concentrated side of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Active transporters move calcium ions across muscle cell
membranes into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
• An active transport protein that moves two substances across a
membrane at the same time
• Example: The sodium-potassium pump moves Na
+
out of the cell
and K
+
into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Formation and movement of vesicles formed from membranes,
involving motor proteins and ATP |
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Term
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Definition
The fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, releasing its
contents to the surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
The formation of a vesicle from cell membrane, enclosing
materials near the cell surface and bringing them into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Extracellular fluid is captured in a vesicle and brought into the
cell; the reverse of exocytosis |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
Specific molecules bind to surface receptors, which are then
enclosed in an endocytic vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
Pseudopods engulf target particle and merge as a vesicle, which
fuses with a lysosome in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of water down its concentration gradient –
through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of
lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration |
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Term
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Definition
The relative concentrations of solutes in two fluids separated by a
selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
For two fluids separated by a semipermeable membrane, the
one with lower solute concentration is __________, and the one
with higher solute concentration is __________
• Water diffuses from hypotonic to hypertonic |
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Term
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Definition
| fluids have the same solute concentration |
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Term
| Hydrostatic pressure (turgor) |
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Definition
The pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a surrounding
structure (membrane, tube, or cell wall) which resists volume
change |
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Term
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Definition
The amount of hydrostatic pressure that can stop water from
diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solutions |
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Term
| Which values sound reasonable for a healthy, 80 kilogram resting adult? |
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Definition
a: 108,000 heart beats per day
b: About 5.25 liters of blood are pumped per minute |
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Term
| During early ventricular systole the atria are in |
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Definition
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Term
| The embryo heart actually begins working before its development is complete. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike semilunar cusps are found in each semilunar valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| The chordae tendineae are made out of |
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Definition
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Term
| The inferior chambers of the heart are the |
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Definition
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Term
| The right and left coronary arteries are the only branches of the ascending aorta. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the four "normal" heart sounds, the initial "lubb" is when the |
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Definition
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Term
| The gap junctions of intercalated discs provide a low-resistance pathway across the membranes of adjoining cardiac muscle fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| For ___________ of the cardiac cycle, all four chambers are in diastole together. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the interventricular septum is supplied by the |
|
Definition
| anterior interventricular artery |
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Term
| Which direction correctly fits the placement of the heart's apex? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the reasons that necessitates the relatively early development of the heart is that the embryo has become too large to receive adequate nutrient supply by diffusion alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some seventy percent of the ventricle filling is achieved passively without the contraction of the atria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which action causes the closure of the right atrioventricular valve? |
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Definition
| contraction of the right ventricle |
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Term
| The cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Pectinate muscles are found on the |
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Definition
| anterior wall of the right and left tria |
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Term
| The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called the |
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Definition
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Term
| The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of the heart commences in the _______ week. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ventricular systole |
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Definition
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Term
| Like the right atrium, the left atrium also has pectinate muscles along its anterior wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is the _____________ that permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles. |
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Definition
| arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart |
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Term
| The embryo heart actually begins working before its development is complete. |
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Definition
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Term
| The trabeculae carneae in the left ventricle are ____________ in the right ventricle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? |
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Definition
a: Separates the atria and ventricles
b: Anchors the heart valves
c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles
d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium |
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Term
| Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heartbeat. |
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Definition
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Term
| The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which analogy fits the human heart? |
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Definition
| It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other |
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Term
| The abnormal impulses that lead to premature ventricular contraction originate in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which helps describe the endocardium? |
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Definition
a: Has single layer of epithelium
b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue
c: Epithelial cells are squamous |
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Term
| During ventricular contraction the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| During early ventricular systole the atria are in |
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Definition
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Term
| The beginning of the cardiac cycle is when the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| function as a coordinated single unit. |
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Term
| The arteries and veins that leave and enter the heart are called great vessels because |
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Definition
| they have relatively large diameters. |
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Term
| As blood is pumped into the arterial trunks past the semilunar valves, it |
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Definition
| pushes against the cusps, forcing the valves open |
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Term
| Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the heart travels to the heart via |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pair is located more anteriorly for the usually placed heart? |
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Definition
| Right atrium and right ventricle |
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Term
| All cardiac veins eventually drain into the coronary sinus for return of the blood from the myocardium to the right atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ventricular systole |
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Definition
| the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close. |
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Term
| One of the reasons that necessitates the relatively early development of the heart is that the embryo has become too large to receive adequate nutrient supply by diffusion alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the coronary sinus is to |
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Definition
| take blood from the heart muscle tissue to the right atrium. |
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Term
| Which of the cardiovascular system's circuit has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| The foramen ovale is actually an opening in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Like the right atrium, the left atrium also has pectinate muscles along its anterior wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| The right border of the heart is supplied by the |
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Definition
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Term
| The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bears a close structural relationship with the fossa ovalis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to |
|
Definition
| lubricate the membranes of the serous pericardium. |
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Term
| No matter the cause, hypertrophy of the heart causes it to work less efficiently. |
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Definition
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Term
| All cardiac veins eventually drain into the coronary sinus for return of the blood from the myocardium to the right atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the |
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Definition
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