Term
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Definition
| Cellular organelles responsible for oxidative metabolism and phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells, widely believed to have originated as a symbiotic bacterium. |
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Definition
| A small cytoplasmic organelle that is the site of mRNA translation, thus protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| A series of connected flattened sacs that plays a central role in the synthesis and export of proteins and glycoproteins and is best studied in the secretory cells specialized in these functions. |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Allows increased surface area for the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes. |
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Definition
| The main microtubule organizing center of the cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. |
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Definition
| Processes and packages the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. It is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic cell organelle which contains enzymes that function in intracellular digestion |
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Definition
| A gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells. |
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Definition
| Core of a cell containing DNA and RNA |
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Definition
| The site of synthesis of rRNA within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
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Definition
| Membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions. |
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Definition
| The process of conversion of water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. It takes place in the presence of chlorophyll and is activated by sunlight. During the process oxygen is released. |
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Definition
| A series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy. |
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Definition
| The creation of an egg cell. |
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Definition
| Protein produced by an organism's immune system in response to an antigen. The antibody combines with the antigen and neutralizes it. |
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Definition
| A proposed explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations |
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Definition
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Definition
| Made a higher power microscope (300x) |
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Definition
| Proved that cells arise from cells and not by spontaneous generation |
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Definition
| Compared small subunit ribosomal RNAs between organisms to understand the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. |
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Definition
| A chart that shows probable evolutionary relationships. |
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| The Building Blocks of Life |
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Definition
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, & Oxygen
Make up 96% of all matter in organisms |
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Definition
| A molecule with a carbon bond |
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Definition
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| When a protein is unfolded or folded incorrectly, therefore causing it to not function normally. |
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Definition
| Proteins that interact and help other proteins fold correctly in cells. |
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Definition
| Any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change |
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Definition
| Protein catalysts that speed up and control biological reactions. Make reactions that are that are very slow go in minutes or seconds. |
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Definition
| A molecule with a combination of old and new bonds |
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Definition
| The energy required to reach the Transition State |
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Term
| Overall Change in Free Energy (∆G) |
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Definition
Negative for Exergonic Reactions
Positive for Endergonic Reactions |
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Term
| Steps for Enzymatic Reactions |
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Definition
| Initiation, Transition state facilitation, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactants bind to the active site in a specific orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| Induces the formation of the transition state and lowers the activation energy required for the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| When a molecule of similar size and shape competes with the substrate for active site binding |
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Definition
| When a regulatory molecule binds to a site on the enzyme other than the active site and either increases or decreases enzyme activity depending on the way in which the enzyme shape changes. |
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Definition
| Composed of a phosphate group,a sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| Two-ring nitrogenous bases. Include Adenine and Guamine |
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Term
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Definition
| One-ring nitrogenous bases. Include Cytosine, Thymine, & Uracil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins nucleotide monomers between the phosphate group on the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the –OH group on the 3' carbon of another |
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Definition
| Activating a nucleotide by adding two more phosphate groups |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
| The two scientists that discovered the double helix structure of DNA |
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Definition
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Definition
Contain the generalized chemical formula (CH2O)n. Contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl functional groups
Many carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bonds. |
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Definition
| A monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms |
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Definition
| A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms |
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Definition
| A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms |
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Definition
| A chain of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| Two molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures. |
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Definition
| A condensation reaction between hydroxyl groups |
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Definition
| Polymerizes amino acids to proteins |
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Definition
| A storage polysaccharide in plants that is made of many a-glucose monomers joined by glycosidic bonds |
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Definition
| A storage polysaccharide in animals that is made of many a-glucose monomers joined by glycosidic bonds |
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Definition
| A polymer of b-glucose linked by glycosidic bonds and serve as a plant's cell wall. |
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Definition
| Kill bacteria by disrupting the formation of the peptide-bonded cross-links within peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
| Proteins with covalent bonds to carbohydrates. Used to display cellular identity. Key molecules in cell-cell recognition and cell-cell signaling. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A layer of molecules, mostly lipids, that surrounds a cell. It separates the life inside the cell from the external environment and regulates passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. |
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Definition
| A generic term for carbon-containing compounds that are mostly non-polar and hydrophobic. |
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Definition
| A hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl (COOH) group |
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Definition
| Starting point for synthesis of many hormones |
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Definition
Consist of a 3-carbon glycerol
linked to a phosphate group and two isoprene chains or two fatty acids. |
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Definition
| A glycerol linked to three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| An artificial membrane-bound vesicle |
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Definition
| The solute concentration on the outside lower than on the inside of the cell and the water concentration is lower inside of the cell. |
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Term
| Integral Membrane Proteins (AKA Transmembrane Proteins) |
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Definition
| Proteins that span the membrane |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| Located on the membrane surface and often attached to the integral membrane protein |
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Definition
| Any of several chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a postsynaptic element, such as another nerve, muscle, or gland. Includes epinephrine or acetylcholine |
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Definition
| Membrane protein that selectively allows a specific ion or molecule to cross the membrane by diffusion. |
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Definition
| Forms a selective ion channel. Makes lipid bilayers permeable to cations, but not anions. |
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Definition
| Diffusion that requires no energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of ions or molecules against a concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient that requires ATP. |
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Term
| Na+/K+ -ATPase (AKA Sodium-Potassium Pump) |
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Definition
| Uses ATP to transport Sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives the cell shape, aids cell movement, and transports materials within the cell. |
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Term
| Actin Filaments (AKA Microfilaments) |
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Definition
| The smallest cytoskeletal elements that help define the cell's shape. They are long polymers of the globular protein subunit, Actin |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibers wound into thicker cables. They are larger than actin filaments, but smaller than microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Create a dense mesh under the nuclear membrane, give the nucleus its shape, and anchor the chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, hollow tubes made of a- and β-tubulin dimers. They contribute to cell structure, help move the cell and materials inside the cell, and are essential for chromosomal movement in the daughter cells. They also transport vesicles through the cell along microtubule tracks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor protein that aids in the movement of vesicles along microtubule tracks from the negative end to the positive end. |
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Definition
| Long projections that move cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to flagella, but much smaller |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules connected by bridges and spokes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outward pressure exerted by the fluid contents of a plant cell against the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common protein fiber in the extracellular matrix made of three chains that wind around each other. It is elastic and forms a flexible extracellular layer. |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| Provides structural support for the cell and helps cells stick together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane proteins that link the cytoskeletons within cells directly to the extracellular matrix by binding to the peripheral proteins that are connected to the ECM. |
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Definition
| A group of unicellular organisms that live in close association. |
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Definition
| Glues plant cell walls together. |
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Definition
| Cell-cell attachments composed of specialized proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. The proteins line up and bind to each other like the stitching of a quilt. |
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Term
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Definition
Made of proteins that link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
They bind to each other and to the proteins that anchor cytoskeletal intermediate filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of cell adhesion proteins found in plasma membranes that cause cells of the same tissue type to bind together. |
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Definition
| Direct connections between cells in tissues that allow cells to work together. |
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Definition
| Gaps in the cell wall where the plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER of two cells connect. |
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Definition
| Connect adjacent cells by forming protein-lined channels. They allow the flow of small molecules between cells to coordinate their activities |
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions occurring in a cell or organism. They are powered by respiration and fermentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction in which energy is released and ATP is hydrolyzed. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electron carrier that donates electrons to more oxidized molecules |
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Term
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Definition
A series of 10 chemical reactions. It is the first step in glucose oxidation. Glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate
and the potential energy released is used to phosphorylate ADP. This occurs in the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate molecules per glucose molecule |
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Term
| Result of complete oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 ATP molecules |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| ATP production via the proton-motive force and ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the DNA near the promoter must be released from tight interactions |
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Term
| Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes |
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Definition
| Protein that reshape chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of inheritance that are not due to differences in gene sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sections of DNA that are involved in controlling the activity of genes. |
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Term
| Promoter-Proximal Elements |
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Definition
| Have sequences that are unique to specific genes, providing a mechanism for eukaryotic cells to exert precise control over transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Express gene expression and function in negative control |
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Term
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Definition
| Activate transcription. Work in positive control. |
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Term
| Regulatory Transcription Factors |
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Definition
| Bind to enhancers, silencers, and promoter-proximal elements. They regulate gene expression. |
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Term
| Basal Transcription Factors |
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Definition
| Required for transcription, but do not regulate gene expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny, single-stranded RNA molecules |
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Definition
| Slow down or stop the cell cycle |
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Definition
| Genes that trigger specific phases in the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulation of DNA sequences in organisms |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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Definition
| Techniques used to engineer genes |
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Term
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Definition
| The manipulation of organisms to create products or cure diseases. |
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Definition
| Results from the lack of production of growth hormone encoded by the GH1 gene. It is an autosomal recessive trait. Humans affected by this grow slowly, reaching a maximum adult height of about 4 feet. |
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Definition
| A vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host |
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Term
| Restriction Endonucleases |
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Definition
| Enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequences called recognition sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of restriction endonucleases makung staggered cuts in the DNA. |
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Definition
| The process of taking up DNA from the environment and incorporating it into the genome. |
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Definition
| Made up of cloned DNA fragments representing an entire genome |
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Definition
| A single-stranded fragment of a known gene that binds a complementary sequence in the sample of DNA being analyzed. |
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Definition
| Denature, Anneal, & Extend |
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Definition
| Determining DNA sequences by putting for different reactions on an electrophoresis gel side-by-side. |
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Term
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Definition
| The introduction of a gene into affected cells to replace or augment defective copies of the gene with normal alleles. |
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Term
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) |
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Definition
| A fatal genetic disease whose sufferers have a profoundly weakened immune system |
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Definition
| Any of a family of single-stranded RNA viruses having a helical envelope and containing an enzyme that allows for a reversal of genetic transcription, from RNA to DNA rather than the usual DNA to RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of several closely related lymphocytes, developed in the thymus, that circulate in the blood and lymph and orchestrate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells, either by lymphokine secretions or by direct contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognize foreign antigen on the surfaces of other cells, then they stimulate B cells to produce antibody and signal killer T cells to destroy the antigen-displaying cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Return the immune system to normal by inactivating the B cells and killer T cells. |
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