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| An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. |
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| What most cells undergo in order to become a specialized type of cell. |
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| Retain the ability to divide and give rise to an array of specialized cell types. |
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| A group of undifferentiated cells in a plant. |
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| Cell-Cell signals that change patterns of gene expression and are essential for changing cell activity during development. |
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| Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, left, right |
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| The series of events that determine the body axes of an embryo. |
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| Gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes. |
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| The interactions among bicoid and the segmentation genes |
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| Trigger the development of structures that are appropriate to each type of segment. |
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| Expressed in a distinctive pattern along the anterior-posterior axis after segments are established. These genes code for regulatory transcription factors that trigger the production of segment-specific structures. |
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| Haploid reproductive cells, such as the sperm and egg. |
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| Contained in the head of the sperm cell and allows it to penetrate the egg's barriers. |
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| A fibrous, mat-like sheet of glycoproteins that surrounds the egg cell. In mammals, this is called the zona pellucida. |
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| What is triggered when a sperm head contacts the jelly layer. |
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| What is formed when the sperm first enters the egg. |
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| A compound on the surface of sea urchin egg cells that is involved in binding sperm. It acts as a "lock." |
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| The protein on the surface of the sperm that is recognized by fertilizin and acts as a "key." |
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| The signal that is rapidly induced after fertilization. |
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| What is formed after an influx of water by osmosis causes the vitelline envelope matrix to lift away from the cell. |
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| The set of rapid cell divisions that take place in animal zygotes after fertilization. |
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| The process that makes a single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo. |
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| Cells divide at right angles to each other. |
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| Cells divide at oblique angles to each other. |
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| A disk of small cells forms on top of a large cell containing the yoke. |
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| Mitosis is not immediately followed by cytokinesis, resulting in a multinucleate embryo. |
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| Forms the outer covering of the adult body and the nervous system. |
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| Gives rise to muscle, most internal organs, and connective tissues such as bone and cartilage. |
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| Produces the lining of the digestive tract along with some of the associated organs. |
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| The process of tissue and organ formation that begins once gastrulation is complete and the embryonic germ layers are in place. |
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| Stage in the development of a fetus |
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| Somite cells differentiate in response to signals from nearby tissues. |
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| The protein that causes muscle cell differentiation. It is a regulatory transcription factor that binds to enhancers upstream of muscle-specific genes. |
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| A group of similar cells that function as a unit. |
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| Consists of cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid extracellular matrix. |
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| Serves as a packing material between organs or padding under the skin. |
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| Long cells located in skeletal muscles. |
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| Tissues that cover the outside of the body, line the surfaces of organs, and form glands. They also provide protection and regulate the transfer of heat between the interior and exterior of structures, as well as the transfer of water, nutrients, and other substances. |
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| A structure that serves a specialized function and consists of several tissues. |
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| A group of cells that secrete specific molecules or solutions. |
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| The side of the epithelial tissue that faces away from other tissues and toward the environment |
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| The side of the epithelial tissues that faces the animal's interior and is connected to other tissues. |
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| Consists of groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more functions. |
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| The overall rate of energy consumption by an individual. |
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| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| The rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest. |
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| Passage of solvent molecules from a dilute solution through a semipermeable membrane to a more concentrated solution. |
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| Flattening, Folding, and Branching |
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Definition
| Effective ways for structures to have a high surface area/volume ratio. |
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| is the maintenance of relatively constant chemical and physical conditions in an animal's cells, tissues, and organs. This is achieved by either conformation or regulation. |
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| Conformational Homeostasis |
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Definition
| Homeostasis that occurs by conformation to the external environment. |
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| requires a physiological mechanism that Adjusts the internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated, regardless of the external conditions. |
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| The direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other. |
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| A special case of conduction in which heat is exchanged between a solid and a liquid or gas rather than between two solids. |
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| The transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact. |
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| The process through which many animals can control their body temperature. In mammals, this process is regulated through negative feedback. |
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| Produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue. |
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| Relies on heat gained from the environment. |
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| A connective tissue whose cells store fats. |
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| A collection of specialized heat-generating cells that contain a high density of mitochondria and stored fats. |
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| A substance an organism needs to remain alive |
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| Vitamins Essential to Humans |
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| Skeletal Muscles and the Liver |
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| Where most of the body's glycogen is stored. |
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| Contained in saliva and cleaves the bonds that link glucose monomers in starch, glycogen, and other glucose polymers. |
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| Contained in saliva and cleaves the bonds that link glucose monomers in starch, glycogen, and other glucose polymers. |
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| Secreted by the tongue to break down lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides. |
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| Water and glycoproteins released by the salivary glands. |
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| Works with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to digest protein. |
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| Inner lining of the stomach |
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| Seals off the stomach from the esophagus as well as the small intestine. |
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| The source of HCl in gastric juice |
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| Secrete mucus, which lines the gastric epithelium and protects the stomach from damage by HCl. |
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| Originates in the small intestine and activates a pancreatic enzyme called trypsinogen, which in turn activates trypsin, another pancreatic enzyme. |
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| Triggers the activation of other protein-digesting enzymes produced by the pancreas. |
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| Breaks certain bonds present in complex fats. |
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| Secretes bile, so they can raise the pH and break up fats and be digested. |
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