Term
| what are the advantages of working with cultured cells rather than intact organisms? |
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Definition
- more homogenous than cells in tissues
- can control experimental conditions
- isolate single cells to grown into colony
- can manipulate cells introduce DNA into it
- can examine effects of treatments on intracellular events more easily
- no ethical issues
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Term
| describe the growth in animal v bacterial cells |
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Definition
bacterial
governed by nutrient availability, doubling time generally 20 mins
animal
growth NOT limited by nutrient availability, doubling time if growing ~24hours, division controlled and growth factors are required
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Term
| list the 4 stages of tissue culture |
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Definition
1. generate a primary culture
2. grown to make a primary cell line
3. most cells undergo senescence
4. few cells transformed making immortal cell lines |
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Term
| where are pimary cell cultures established from? |
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Definition
animal tissues, certain types of cells are easier to culture than others.
the primary culture grows in a monolayer in dish until space is filled |
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Term
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Definition
| means growing old and dying - most cells removed from animal tissue grow and divide for about 50 times and then die. |
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Term
| list characteristics of immortal cell lines (can be derived from tumors or can arise spontaneously) |
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Definition
- anchorage independant
- motile
- no contact inhibition of growth thus usually suspension cultures
- tumourigenic
- less differentiated
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Term
| what do cells need to grow in culture? |
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Definition
- rich growth media
- essential amino acids
- generally need some form of serum (contains growth factors)
- need correct pH and osmolarity
- most grow only on special surfaces
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Term
| what equipment do we need for practical tissue cultures? |
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Definition
- sterile conditions
- incubators at correct temperature/humidity
- sterile techniques
- specialised media
- specialised plasticware
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Term
| cultured cells can be used to generate .............. eg antibody generation |
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Definition
proteins
2 different cells can be induced to fuse thus creating a hybrid and certain hybrid cells are used to make monoclonal antibodies eg mouse tumour cells in culture fused with mouse spleen cells make antibodies |
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Term
| list uses of monocolnal antibodies |
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Definition
- research, detect and measure proteins and antigens
- purify antigens by affinity chromatography
- diagnosis - detect markers of disease
- therapy - eg Herceptin (Trastuzumab) treatment of HER breast cancer
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Term
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Definition
they are unspecialised cells that can both divide indefinitely and differentiate into specialised cell types
- embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass are pluripotent
- adul stem cells derived from tissues give rise to a limited number of cell types (multipotent)
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Term
| how are Induced pluripotent stem cells used? |
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Definition
1. skin cels removed from patient
2. reprogrammed skin cells become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
3. iPS treated to differentiate into a specific cell type
4. returned back to patient where they can repair tissue damage |
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Term
| what are the advantages of iPS? |
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Definition
you can induce fully differentiated cells eg skin cells to become like embryonic stem (ES) cells
fewer ethical considerations
can use patients own cells (reduce immune rejection) |
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Term
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Definition
it is technically challenging as cells are genetically engineered
there is a risk of cancer as oncogenes are introduced |
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Term
an alternative to iPS - direct re-programming
skins cells (fibroblasts) infected with viruses expressing neural precursor-specific transcription factors was in a BBC article. scientists were messing on mice in calafornia |
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Definition
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