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Bio 112 Learning Outcomes II
chromosome structure - prokaryote gene expression
17
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2009

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Term
What are transposons?
Definition
They are repeated elements in bacterial genomes
Term
Provide a description of the coding region density in Eukaryotes versus prokaryotes
Definition
prokaryotes have a more dense coding region because they have less "junk" DNA
Term
Describe the characteristics of plasmid DNAs in prokaryotes
Definition
They are circular, replicate independently of the chromosomes and there can be more than one copy of each kind.
Term
Define the reaction carried out by DNA ligase and how it is used.
Definition
It fuses the backbone of DNA and RNA by catalyzing phosphodiester bonds.
Term
Describe the process of introducing DNA into bacterial cells by electroporation.
Definition
A current is put across the medium and the negatively charged DNA races towards the positive electrode, giving it a high velocity that forces it into bacterial cells when collisions occur.
Term
Describe the relationship between the length of a DNA double helix and its
temperature stability
Definition
The longer it is, the less stable it is.
Term
Indicate the role of electrophoretic separation of DNA in DNA sequencing.
Definition
It separates the DNA into different lengths because the longer ones are heavier than the shorter ones.
Term
• Indicate the critical points where the flow is controlled and kept specific in
eukaryotes.
Definition
Gene expression can be controlled by halting DNA transcription, or stop protein folding after translation. Translation can also be inhibited.
Term
Describe the role of RNA polymerase II and TFIID, TFII F, TFIIH transcription factors in transcription in eukaryotes
Definition
The transcription factors bind to the DNA along with RNA polymerase to facilitate transcription. They release after transcription is underway.
Term
What is polyadenylation?
Definition
The addition of many adenines (A) to the end of an RNA molecule.
Term
What is RNA splicing?
Definition
The RNA forms loops containing introns so they are not translated, only the protein is. Once the loops are formed they are snipped off.
Term
Compare the differences in protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Definition
prokaryotes have operons while eukaryotes do not.
Term
Compare the differences in protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Definition
prokaryotes have operons while eukaryotes do not.
Term
Define what is meant by promoter.
Definition
A sequence of DNA that comes before the coding region of the gene and is the site where RNA polymerase binds.
Term
Describe the process of transcription of a gene and an operon
Definition
In an operon, several genes are translated into one strand of RNA, each with a start and stop codon to distinguish between them.
Term
Why is the genetic code termed as "non-overlapping?"
Definition
The codons are very definite and cannot be read out of frame without creating error.
Term
What do A, P and E stand for in relation to the sites in a ribosome?
Definition
A=arrival, P=peptide bond, E = exit
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