Term
| What were the 2 basic concepts of the idea of heredity? |
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Definition
1.) Occurs within species
2.) Directly passed from parents to offspring |
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Term
| What is blending and its paradox? |
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Definition
Blending - traits from the parents.
Paradox: If blending occurs, why don't all siblings look alike? |
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Term
| What happened when hybrids were crossed? |
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Definition
| Some offspring resembled the original strain, rather than the hybrid. This contradicted the idea that traits are directly passed from parent -> offspring. |
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Term
| Why did Gregor Mendel study pea plants? |
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Definition
1.) Could be produced
2.) Many varieties
3.) Small and easy to grow
4.) Can self-fertilize or be cross-fertilized |
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Term
| How did mendel prepare for his experiment? |
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Definition
1.) Each trait had a true-breeded strain created for it
2.) Cross-fertilized true breeding strains having alternative alleles.
3.) Allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize and COUNT the offspring showing each form of trait |
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Term
| What is a monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
| Studying only 2 variations of a single trait. |
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Term
| Mendel produced true-breeding pea strains for ____ traits and each had an alternative form. Then, they were cross fertilized. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the F1 generation? |
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Definition
| First filial generation. Results from the 1st cross of true-bred organism. |
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Term
| For every trait Mendel studied, F1 plants resembled how many parents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were there any intermediate characteristics produced between the monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the F2 generation? |
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Definition
| Second filial generation. Offspring that results from F1 self-fertilization. |
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Term
| What was the ratio of dominant traits to recessive in F2? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the F2 generation, dominant was 3/4 and recessive was 1/4. What was the actual ratio that was later discovered? |
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Definition
1 true-breeding dominant:
2 non-true breeding dominant:
1 true-breeding recessive |
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Term
| What conclusions were drawn from mendel's experiment? |
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Definition
1.) No intermediate forms
2.) Each trait had a dominant and recessive form
3.) Alternative traits were segregated to offspring
4.) 3/4 dominant: 1/4 recessive |
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Term
| What is the inheritance model? |
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Definition
1.) Parents transmit genes
2.) Each individual receives one copy of a gene from each parent
3.) Not all copies of a gene are identical
4.) Genes remain un-blended (discreet)
5.) Presence of allele does not garuntee expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative form of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which is expressed: dominant or recessive? |
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Definition
| Dominant. Recessive is hidden. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total set of alleles of an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two alleles for a gene _______ during gamete formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Alleles are combined at ________, _____ from ______ _______. |
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Definition
| random. one from each parent. |
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Term
| What does the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis effect? |
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Definition
| The physical basis for allele segregation |
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Term
| DId mendel know of chromosomes or meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some human traits are controlled by a _______ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can track inheritance patterns in families? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a dominant pedigree example? |
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Definition
| Juvenille glaucoma which leads to the degeneration of optic nerves leading to blindness. Dominant trait appears in every generation. |
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Term
| What is an example of recessive pedigree? |
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Definition
| Albinism which is a condition in which the pigment melanin is not produced. Caused by nonfunctional allele of enzyme tyrosinase. Males and females are effected equally. Most affected children have unaffected parents. |
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Term
| What is a dihybrid cross? What does the F1 generation show? |
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Definition
| Examination of 2 separate traits in a single cross. Only the dominant phenotypes for each trait. |
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Term
| In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort _________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross the individual with unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive. |
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Term
| There is a female cat with a long tail and red eyes. How do you test cross? |
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Definition
1.) Get all possible gametes
2.) Test against a homozygous recessive
3.) Do punnett square to see which combination is correct |
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Term
| What does Mendel's model assume? Do most genes fit it? |
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Definition
Each trait is controlled by a single gene
Each gene has only 2 alleles
Clear dominant-recessive relationship between alleles
NO |
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Term
| What is polygenic inheritance? |
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Definition
| Multiple genes control the phenotype of a trait. Shows continuous variation and are referred to as quantitative traits. Ex: Human height. |
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Term
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Definition
| An allele that has multiple phenotypic effects. |
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Term
| Why is pleiotropy difficult to predict? |
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Definition
| Because a gene that effects one trait often performs other functions. |
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Term
| What is an example of pleiotropy? |
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Definition
| Sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis. |
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| The heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between 2 homozygotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heterzygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygous. Blood types. |
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Term
| How does blood typing work? |
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Definition
1.) IA and IB are codominant
2.) I are recessive
3.) Each individual has 2
AB = IA + IB
O = II |
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Term
| What animals exhibit environmental influence? |
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Definition
| Himilayan rabbits or siamese cats. Pigment production occurs at temperatures only below 30 degrees celcius. |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene can interfere with the expression of another. EX: If you have enzyme A and B, you can get purple. If you're missing either, you cannot. |
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