Term
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Definition
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Term
| Three functions of cell division? |
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Definition
| Mitosis- replaces damaged or lost cells, growth, and reproduction |
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Term
| What are the two types of cell division, and how do they differ? |
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Definition
| Mitosis creates 2 daughter cells and is an asexual process, meiosis is used in sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Before cell division, each cell must duplicate all of the genetic material found on the chromosomes. What are the 2 linked structures called when this happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure that holds them together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle, and which typically lasts longer? |
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Definition
| Interphase [90%] and the mitotic phase [10%] |
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Term
| What are the three phases of interphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 steps of the mitotic phase? |
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Definition
| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase [look up diagram of orders] |
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Term
| What happens after telophase? |
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Definition
| Cytokinesis; cell splits into 2 new cells |
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Term
| What is a disease of the cell cycle where a cell has los the ability to control its growth as it should? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important aspect of effective ttreatment of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 6 things you can do to reduce your risk of cancer? |
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Definition
| Don’t use tobacco, excerising adequately, voiding over-exposure to the sun, eat a high-fiber, low-fat diet, perform self-exams, and regularly visiting a doctor to identify tumors early. |
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Term
| What is a diploid, and what is haploid, and where would each be found in your body? |
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Definition
| Diploid means 2 [die] copies of each chromosome; this is what your normal body cells are. One copy came from mom, one from dad. We indicate it as 2n Haploid means 1 copy [half the normal number] or chromose; it is what your sex cells are and what you will pass on to your offspring. We indicate it as n. |
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Term
| Difference between a character and a trait |
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Definition
| Characters are heritable features, and traits are variations of characters |
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Term
| In a family of children, parents, and grandparent, how would I designate each generation? |
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Definition
| Grand parents are the P generation, 1st gen, parents are F1 generation, 2nd gen, and children are the F2 generation, 3rd gen. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term true breeding mean? |
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Definition
| True breeding means a line that will produce only 1 trait of a given character; in other words, they are homozygous, or only have 1 form of a given gene |
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Term
| If an organism has 2 deiffernt alleles? For the same character but only 1 is shown, that allele must be ________ and the one that isn’t shown is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual with 2 forms or alleles of the same gene is said to be _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The allele that does not show is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between genotype and a phenotype? |
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Definition
| Genotype is the organism genetic make up, indicated by letters, phenotype is an organisms physical appearance. |
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Term
| **What tool will you use to show crosses between organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which letter comes first? |
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Definition
| The capital/dominant one. |
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Term
| An individual who can pass a trait onto the next generation, but does not exhibit that traits is said to be a? |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype, what must be done? |
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Definition
| A test cross with a homozygous recessive individual. |
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Term
| An F1 generation that is all offspring that are an even blend, or an exact intermediate between the phenotypes of the P generation are indicative of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Human blood types, where there are multiple alleles, a and one may be recessive to all the others (i versus IA or IB) is an example of_______, especially if those others are equally expressed within an individual containing both alleles. |
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Definition
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Term
| One single gene affecting multiple characteristics is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple genes affecting a single characteristics is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Most human characteristics are a combination of the effect of heredity and |
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Definition
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Term
| A character that is linked to only one gender, usually males Is known as a |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sex is more likely to be afflicted by these and why? |
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Definition
| Males; they only have 1 x chromosome, and the y chromosome is small, and carries relatively little genetic info. |
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Term
| How do you differentiate sex-linked genes when doing a punnett square? |
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Definition
| X and y indicate the chromosome, and a letter for the gene, capital and lower case for dominant and recessive, and are written as superscripts. |
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Term
| What are 2 differences in DNA and RNA |
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Definition
| DNA is double stranded, and has A,T,C,G and RNA is single stranded has A,U,C,G |
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Term
| What holds the double stranded DNA molecule together |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds; A-T and C-G |
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Term
| What is this predictable alignment on opposite strands called? |
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Definition
| Complimentary base pairing |
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Term
| Who is given credit for determining the structure of DNA |
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Definition
| Watson and Crick, who used information from Rosalind Franklin. |
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Term
| What term describes DNA replication because each daughter cell receives one new strand and one old strand of DNA? |
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Definition
| Semiconservative replication |
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Term
| What enzyme builds these new strands of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| How are each of the new strands constructed in the correct sequence |
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Definition
| They are complimentary to the parent strands |
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Term
| Process in which dna is used to make more dna |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process called where dna is used to make rna |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process called where rna is used to make more protein |
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Definition
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Term
| What stores the genetic material in all organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries this message from the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| What brings amino acids to the mrna ribosome complex for transfer to the growing |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 broad types of mutations |
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Definition
| Substitution, insertion, or deletion of a base |
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Term
| **what are 3 possible results of a subitution |
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Definition
| Can be silent, missense, or nonsense |
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Term
| Process by which an unspecialized pluripotent cell becomes a specialized cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process by which a gene on a chromosome is opened or accessed so that it can be turn on and express or transcribed into RNA is |
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Definition
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Term
| 8 ways that gene expression can be controlled in a eukaryotic cell, and where does it occur |
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Definition
| DNA unpacking -> Transcriptoin -> RNA processing -> RNA transport -> mRNA breakdown -> Translation -> Protein Activation -> Protein breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene that can contribute to cancer, often found in viruses like hpv by contributing to abnormal cell growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually a gene for a growth factor that when we mutate to function abnormally, can become an oncogene |
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Term
| What is a tumor suppressor gene |
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Definition
| Gene that when mutated can be inactivated and contribute to cancer by failing to control cell growth and division |
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