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Definition
| The scientific study of living things. |
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Term
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| Knowledge from observation, study and experimentationused to determine the nature of what is being studied. Knowledge of the natural and physical world around us. |
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| What are the two limitations of science? |
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Definition
| Science can only pertain to the physical world not moral issues and science can only be studied using for methodologies. |
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| List 4 methodological approaches used in science. |
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Definition
Reductionism
Comparative Method
Empiricism
Methodological Materialism |
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Term
| Describe reductionism and give an example. |
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Definition
| Reductionism is the understanding of a complex system by describing its subsytems. Describing molecules and then atoms and organelles and then cells and the tissue etc. can provide insight into something complex and vast like the entire biosphere. |
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| What is the short coming of reductionism? |
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| Disrupting a living organism interferes with its function. A disected animal nolonger functions. |
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| How can a compartive method be used to form hypotheses about how complex a systems function is? |
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| What is Paley's arguement of design, and how is it short-sighted? |
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| What is the arguement of "personal incredulity?" |
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| Why is the comparative method so useful in biology? |
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| What are "model organisms", and how do they relate to this concept of the comparative method? |
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| What does it mean for a hypotheses to be "falsifiable", and why is this important? |
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| What is "Ocam's Razor" or the "Principle of Parsimony?" |
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| What are the differences between inductive and deductive logic? How is each used in the experimental method? |
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| What is the methodological materialism and how does it differ from philosophical materialism? |
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| How is the term "theory" used in public? What does it mean in science? Give 3 examples of scientific theories. |
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| Describe why scientific creationism and "intelligent design" are not scientific ideas. |
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| Distinguish between the three "ways of knowing" that we discussed in class. |
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| Why are questions about the physical world best answered by science? |
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| List six characteristics of living systems. |
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| Why does imperfect reproduction almost imply, by definition, that there will be "family trees" among living systems? |
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| Desribe the relationship between catabolic and anabolic reactions, including why they are coupled and how the laws of thermo apply. |
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| Put these levels of biological organization in their proper scalar sequence from small to large: cell, organelle, molecule, tissue. |
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| What are the relative masses and charges on protons, neutrons, and electrons? |
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Definition
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| What do you get if you add a proton to an atom? |
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Definition
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| What do you get if you add a neutron to an atom? |
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Definition
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| what happens if the numbers of protons and electrons are unequal? |
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Definition
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| Hop does potential energy content vary with the locations of electrons in orbital shells? |
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Definition
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| Are energy transformations in an atom continuous or discrete? |
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Definition
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| What are valence electrons? |
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Definition
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| How many electrons can fit in the first three shells? |
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Definition
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| What do you call an element in which the outermost shell is full? Is the element reactive? Give an example. |
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| Describe how a covalent bond between hydrogen atoms affects the electron occupancy of their valence shells, and draw a picture. |
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| Oxygen gas and hydrogen gas are non-polar molecules and the bond holding the atoms together is a non-polar covalent bond. Explain these terms in terms of electronegativity. |
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| Oxygen and Hydrogen form polar covalent bonds in a water molecule, explain what a polar covalent bond is and the concept of "partial charge." |
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| These partial charges can cause atoms to be attracted to one another in a relationship called....... |
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| How do ions and ionic bonds form? |
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Definition
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| What are van der Waals interactions? |
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Definition
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| Draw the structure of a water molecule and identify where the partial charges exist. |
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| How does water's polar nature explain the properties of adhesion and cohesion?n How are these properties valuable in the movement of water in a tree? |
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| How is surface tension related to cohesion? |
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| Define heat and energy in relation to Kinetic Energy? |
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Definition
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| Water has a high specific heat. What does this mean and what effect does this property have on water as an internal and external environment for life? |
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Definition
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| Water also has a high heat of vaporization. What effect does this have on living systems? |
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| Water has a mximum density at 40C...what effect does this have on life? |
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Definition
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| What types of compounds dissolve in water and why? |
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Definition
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| Water dissociates into ions. How does the concentration of free H+ ions relate to the Ph scale? |
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Definition
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| Hwo do you tell the number of valence electrons an atom has? |
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Definition
| Look at what row it is on the periodic table. Row one has 1 valence and would like to lose it, row seven would like to get one more electron. |
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| Carbon links form the backbones of organic molecules. What structural arrangements in these backbones are possible? |
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| There are seven side groups that are important in biological molecules...draw and lable them. |
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Definition
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| What is the basic structure of a sugar? |
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Definition
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| What side groups does sugar have and why is sugar soluble? |
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Definition
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| What reaction links monosaccharides together into polysaccharides? What reastion splits polysacchrides into monosacchrides? |
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Definition
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| What is the polysacchride energy storage molecule in plants? |
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Definition
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| What is the polysacchride energy storage molecule in animals? |
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Definition
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How does starch differ from cellulose?
What are the digestive implications of these structural differences? |
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Definition
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| What two major groups of organisms have chitin? |
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Definition
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| List four types of lipids. |
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Definition
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| Draw the structure of a fatty acid and show how it is attached to a glycerol molecule. |
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| Why are fats such efficient molecules for energy storage? |
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| List three differences between saturated and unsaturated fats. |
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| What are hydrogenated fats and trans-fats? |
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| Haw are fats stored in animals? |
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| Draw the structure of a phospholipid. |
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Definition
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| Which parts of a phospholipid are hydropholic and hydrophobic? |
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Definition
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| How do phospholipids behave in an aqueous solution? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the components of a wax molecule?
How are the molecules linked? |
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Definition
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| What functions do wax perform? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| How does a polypeptide differ from a protien? |
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Definition
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| Describe the four levels of protien structure? |
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Definition
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| List five functions of protien. |
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Definition
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| Why are protiens so functionally diverse? |
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Definition
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| Why are most pharmaceuticals still extracted from or modeled on natural compounds rather than designed from scratch? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Gaining an understanding of a system by describing its subsystems. |
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| What are emergent properties? |
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Definition
| How minor system functions interact together to make a complex system work. |
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Term
| What is the Comparative Method? |
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Definition
| A method of understanding a complex system by comparing it with a simpler system. |
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| What is Empiricism (Experimentation Method)? |
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Definition
| Observation of repeated correlated, physical phenomena/patterns. |
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| What are the two types of Methodological Materialism? |
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Definition
Philosophical materialism
- the material is all there is.
Methodological materialism
- the material is all we can test. |
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