Term
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Definition
| all the genes an organism carries |
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Term
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Definition
| physical manifestations of the instructions (physical appearance of the individual) |
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Term
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Definition
| copy of gene's base sequence is made |
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Term
| Where does transcription take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step of transcription? |
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Definition
| Recognize & bind - RNA polymerase binds to one strand at promoter site |
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Term
| What is the second step of transcription? |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase builds copy of gene mRNA |
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Term
| What is the third step of transcription? |
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Definition
| Terminate - RNA Polymerase find stop codon and releases mRNA |
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Term
| What is the fourth step of transcription? |
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Definition
| Capping & Editing: mRNA is processed - cap, tail, introns removed |
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Term
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Definition
| copy from transcription is used to direct production of a protein |
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Term
| Where does translation take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ingredients are needed for transcription? |
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Definition
| free amino acids, mRNA, tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mistakes can be overlooked an still read as an amino acid with translation |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps of translation? |
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Definition
1. Recognize and Initiate
2. Elongate
3. Terminate |
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Term
| what is the first step of translation? |
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Definition
| Recognize and Initiate - start sequence of mRNA recognized by tRNA. Binds to ribosomal subunits |
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Term
| what is the second step of translation |
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Definition
| Elongate - as ribosome moves along mRNA, tRNA with amino acid binds to next 3 bases on mRNA. tRNA released |
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Term
| what is the third step of translation |
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Definition
| Terminate - stop codon reached. Protein and mRNA releases from ribosome |
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Term
| can the same mRNA be translated more than once before degrading? |
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Definition
| yes - many molecules can be produced from one mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells pass on information to the next generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different types of point mutations? |
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Definition
| substitution, insertion, deletion |
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Term
| What is a chromosomal change mutation? |
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Definition
| larger scale - chunks of NDA are changed |
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Term
| What are two ways the mutations are induced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all mutations cause change in proteins? |
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Definition
| No - multiple codon/amino acids - introns aren't copied |
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Term
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Definition
| block RNA polymerase from binding DNA - if something is messed up it cannot copy it |
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Term
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Definition
| each cell has all the DNA but only some is expressed |
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Term
| what are the 5 steps of genetic engineering? |
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Definition
1. chop
2. amplify
3. insert
4. grow
5. identify |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses that invade bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| restrict foreign DNA from invading bacteria |
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Term
| How are restriction enzymes used in genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| they create start and stop signals so that chopping and be done correctly |
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Term
| what are the three steps of polymerase chain reaction? |
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Definition
1. denaturation
2. annealing
3. extension |
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Term
| denaturation phase of Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| heat added, double strand DNA splits creating two single strands |
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Term
| annealing phase of Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| primer pairs up with template, copies polymerase to template and primer |
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Term
| extension phase of Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| DNA building blocks complementary to template couple with primer -> makes double strand DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| plasmids that carry things in them (genetic engineering) |
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Term
| why are bacteria good choices for insertion with genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| bacteria has an accessory circle in the DNA (plasmids) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body |
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Term
| biggest issue with Genetically modified organisms? |
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Definition
| not enough genetic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| an organisms complete set of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more unique places of DNA (tons of base pairs) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| does having more chromosomes make you a more intelligent/complex organism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different version of the same trait (color of a flower) |
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Term
| do prokaryotes have introns? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do prokaryotic cells divide? |
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Definition
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