Term
| What are the four most common elements in living organisms? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen |
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Term
| How many electrons fill each shell in an atom? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Medium strength - between two ions and an electron is transferred to the atom which is closer to filling their valence shell.
Example: NaCl |
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Term
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Definition
Strongest bonds - when the electro difference isn't strong enough to pull the electrons off the other, they share the electrons. Non-polar are equal shares and polar is unequal sharing.
Examples: H2(nonpolar) & H2O(polar) |
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Term
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Definition
| Weakest strength - when two polar covalent molecules bond together. |
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Term
| What is the pH scale a measure of? |
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Definition
| The H+ concentration of a fluid |
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Term
| What are the properties of an acid on the pH scale? |
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Definition
| Number less than 7. More H+ ions with less OH- ions. Willing to donate H+ ions |
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Term
| What are the properties of a base on the pH scale? |
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Definition
| Larger than 7. Less H+ ions, more OH_ ions. More willing to take H+ ions |
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Term
| What are the function of lipids? |
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Definition
| Energy and cell membrane structure |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid with a fused carbon ring - an important one is Cholesterol. |
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Term
| What is the most important form of stored energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tails are tightly packed together. Dual hydrogen atoms bound in a hydrocarbon chain. More solid structure. |
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Term
| Describe an unsaturated fat |
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Definition
| Tails cannot be packed together tightly. Only composed of one hydrogen. Structurally more like a liquid substance |
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Term
| What are estrogen and testosterone? |
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Definition
| Sterols (Steroid hormones) |
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Term
| What is a phospholipid composed of? |
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Definition
| Two groups: phosphate group & fatty acid group. Phosphate heads are hydrophilic and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| A very long chain of fatty acids linked to a glycerol head |
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Term
| Which has a higher source of energy, fat or carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates. 4 cal per gram vs. 9 |
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Term
| What is the difference between various monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| The arrangement of the molecules |
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Term
| Which is a longer lasting source of energy, poly or mono saccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fiber in diet. Hydrogen bonded and cannot be broken down (helps your body clean out the walls of your cells) |
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Term
| What are the most diverse group of macromolecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 things that proteins are used for? |
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Definition
| Structural (hair), Protective (coagulation), Regulatory (control cell activity), Contractile (allow muscles to contract, heart pump), Transport (carry oxygen & other molecules) |
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Term
| What are proteins made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines protein function? |
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Definition
| The shape of the structure |
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Term
| What is the function of fats? |
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Definition
| Long term energy and insulation |
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Term
| What is the function of sterols? |
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Definition
| Regulating growth and development |
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Term
| What is the function of phospholipids? |
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Definition
| Form the membrane that enclose cells |
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Term
| What does your body do when you don't use glucose? |
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Definition
| Short term it is converted into glycogen. Long term it is converted to fat |
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Term
| How does fructose compare to complex carbs in terms of blood sugar level over time (how long does it stay in your system)? |
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Definition
| Fructose gives a sharp peak then drops off. Complex carbs hit a level and stay that way throughout for a long time. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an amino acid is exposed to an extreme environment and loses it's shape. |
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Term
| What are nucleic acids & nucleotides important for? |
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Definition
| Passing and storing genetic information. Some energy as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleic acid - very unstable with high energy bonds |
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Term
| What is DNA & RNA made up of? |
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Definition
| Nucleotides - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil |
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Term
| In DNA, how are the nucleotides paired? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic information to build an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| To read DNA and direct protein production |
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Term
| What is the the structural difference between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| Sugar molecule in the backbone of RNA contain an extra oxygen and instead of T, RNA has a base called Uracil. |
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Term
| What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes store DNA in their nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| hold contents of cell, take in food/water, absorb dissipate heat |
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Term
| What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer structure? |
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Definition
| Contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic lipids that act as a filter. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between active and passive transport? |
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Definition
| With passive no energy required - molecules without charge can pass through membrane. Active transport requires energy to get the molecule across the membrane. |
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Term
| Describe simple diffusion |
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Definition
| Passive transport in which molecule passes through without assistance |
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Term
| Describe facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| Passive transport where the help of a carrier molecule is needed to help to get through a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive transport where water diffuses across a membrane to equalize concentration. |
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Term
| What is a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| With osmosis - solute concentrations higher in extracellular fluid. Water diffuses OUT of cells. |
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Term
| What is a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| With osmosis - solute concentrations are lower in extracellular fluid. Water diffuses IN to cells. |
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Term
| What is a isotonic solution? |
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Definition
| With osmosis - Solute concentrations are balanced. No movement. |
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Term
| Describe primary active transport |
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Definition
| Molecules move across membrane with energy input against concentration gradient (move from low to high concentration) - using ATP |
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Term
| Describe secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Transport protein moves molecule down its concentration with movement of another against its concentration gradient |
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Term
| What is the difference between desmosome, tight junction and gap junctions? |
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Definition
| Varying levels of connections between cells. From tightest to weakest: Tight - Desmosome - Gap. Desmosome similar to velcro |
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Term
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Definition
| Material only found in plants that allows water and other molecules to pass between adjacent cells |
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Term
| What is the function of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| Genetic control center of cell, directing cell activity, covered in bilayer pores |
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Term
| What is the function of cytoplasm and cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Provide shape and support, intracellular traffic, movement |
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Term
| What is the function of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| All purpose energy converter, makes ATP for cellular use |
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Term
| What is the function of lysosomes? |
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Definition
| Garbage disposal & recycling - digests cellular waste |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin fibers that contain DNA |
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Term
| What makes up the Endomembrane System? |
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Definition
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), rough ER, Golgi apparatus |
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Term
| What is the function of the Endomembrane System? |
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Definition
| produce and modify molecules for export to other parts of organism |
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Term
| What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| detoxify molecules like alcohol, drugs, waste |
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Term
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| Process and package molecules to send to other parts of organism |
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Term
| What is the function of the cell wall (plants)? |
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Definition
| Provide cellular structure & increased water resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores nutrient, retain/degrade waste, accumulate poisonous material, pigments for sexual repro, physical support |
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Term
| What is the function of the chloroplast? |
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Definition
| Site of photosynthesis - convert light energy into chemical |
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Term
| How does cellular respiration happen when organism is deprived of oxygen? |
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Definition
Animals: pyruvate -> lactic acid
Yeast: Acetaldehyde -> ethanol |
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