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bio 111 final review
review for bio 111 nmt class
149
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011

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Cards

Term
In a single covalent bond, two atoms share __ electon(s).
Definition
2
Term
When they are in a liquid state, water molecules can form __ bonds with each other.
Definition
hydrogen
Term
Bases are substances that __ H+ in aqueous solution.
Definition
accept
Term
The "atomic mass" of an element is equal to
Definition
the number of protons + the number of neutrons
Term
An O-H bond is polar. T/F
Definition
true
Term
A hydrogen atom is stable if there are __ electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.
Definition
2
Term
Carbon can form __ single covalent bonds.
Definition
4
Term
How many protons does a hydrogen atom have?
Definition
1
Term
At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions in water is ___ M.
Definition
0.0000001
Term
A carbon atom is stable if there are __ electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.
Definition
8
Term
Typically, a given biological catalyst can catalyze __ type(s) of chemical reaction(s).
Definition
1
Term
___ is the process by which the information in an mRNA molecule is used to specify the information in a protein molecule.
Definition
translation
Term
Nearly all biological catalysts are ___ .
Definition
proteins
Term
___ is the process by which the information in DNA is used to specify the information in mRNA.
Definition
transcription
Term
The phenotype of an organism is determined by ___ .
Definition
genes and environment
Term
A molecule with the formula C5 H10 O5 is a
Definition
carbohydrate
Term
Testosterone is a lipid. T/F
Definition
True
Term
All amino acids contain an amine group. T/F
Definition
True
Term
The triglycerides that make up plant oils are made of fatty acids that are saturated. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Fatty acids contain a carboxyl group. T/F
Definition
true
Term
Monosaccharides contain at least one aldehyde group. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Which one of the following types of biochemicals contains N?
a. amino acids
b. triglycerides
c. fatty acids
d. monosaccharides
Definition
amino acids
Term
Glucose is a
a. heptose
b. triose
c. hexose
d. pentose
Definition
hexose
Term
The monomer units of starch are
a. monosaccharides
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids
d. nucleotides
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
The triglycerides that make up animal fat contain fatty acids that are saturated. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Which element has the highest electronegativity?
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. phosphorus
e. carbon
Definition
oxygen
Term
HCO3- is
a. carbolic acid
b. carbonic acid
c. carbonate
d. bicarbonate
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
In the solid state (ice), water molecules form permanent (long-lasting) hydrogen bonds with each other. T/F
Definition
true
Term
Which covalent bond is the most polar?
a. N - H
b. O - H
c. O = C
d. C - H
Definition
b
Term
By mass, humans are about __ water.
a. 95%
b. 30%
c. 70%
Definition
c
Term
Which type of bond is the strongest?
a. ionic
b. van der Waals
c. covalent
d. hydrophobic
e. hydrogen
Definition
covalent
Term
A base is a chemical that ___ when dissolved in water.
a. releases protons
b. accepts protons
c. releases electrons
d. accepts electrons
Definition
accepts protons
Term
The pK of a buffer system is the pH where the buffer is __ at resisting pH changes.
a. least effective
b. most effective
Definition
most effective
Term
When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it first forms
a. carbonate
b. bicarbonate
c. carbonic acid
d. carbolic acid
Definition
carbonic acid
Term
The most important buffer system in human blood is the __ buffer system.
a. carbolic acid
b. hydrophilic
c. sodium chloride
d. carbonic acid
e. phosphate
Definition
carbonic acid
Term
ATP and GTP both function as
a. intracellular chemical signals
b. energy sources
c. transcription subunits
d. genetic information
e. ribosomal components
Definition
energy sources
Term
In DNA, complementary base pairing occurs between A and T. In RNA, complementary base pairing occurs between A and ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. T
b. U
c. G
d. C
Definition
U
Term
In DNA, complementary base pairs are held together by which type of bond or interaction?
Choose one answer.
a. hydrogen bond
b. van der Waals interaction
c. ionic bond
d. hydrophobic interaction
e. covalent bond
Definition
hydrogen bond
Term
The process by which an mRNA specifies the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called
Choose one answer.
a. translation
b. replication
c. complementation
d. transcription
Definition
translation
Term
The monomer units of RNA consist of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. a pentose monosaccharide
b. a hexose polysaccharide
c. a pentose polysaccharide
d. a hexose monosaccharide
Definition
pentose monosaccharide
Term
What is the name of the amino acid with this side group?
-H
Choose one answer.
a. cysteine
b. glycerine
c. glycerol
d. glycine
Definition
glycine
Term
An amino acid with this side group belongs to which type of amino acids?
-CH2-OH
Choose one answer.
a. nonpolar
b. polar
c. ionized
d. special
Definition
polar
Term
A transmembrane receptor protein is embedded in the cell membrane. It is held in the membrane by a "stalk" consisting of a group of seven alpha helices, most of which have ___ R groups.
Choose one answer.
a. polar
b. nonpolar
c. ionized
Definition
nonpolar
Term
Disulfide bonds participate in which type of protein structure?
Choose one answer.
a. secondary
b. tertiary
c. primary
d. quaternary
Definition
tertiary
Term
What is the name of the amino acid with this side group?
-CH2-SH
Choose one answer.
a. glycerine
b. sulfhydryl
c. glycine
d. glycerol
e. cysteine
Definition
cysteine
Term
Disulfide bonds participate in which type of protein structure?
Choose one answer.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
Definition
tertiary
Term
In an alpha helix, the R groups project towards the ___ of the helix.
Choose one answer.
a. interior
b. exterior
Definition
exterior
Term
An amino acid with this side group belongs to which type of amino acid?

-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH3+
Choose one answer.
a. ionized
b. nonpolar
c. special
d. polar
Definition
ionized
Term
The shapes of protein secondary structures are maintained by
Choose one answer.
a. peptide bonds
b. hydrogen bonds between atoms in the R groups
c. covalent bonds
d. disulfide bonds
e. hydrogen bonds between atoms in the backbone
Definition
e
Term
An amino acid with this side group belongs to which type of amino acids?
-CH2-OH
Choose one answer.
a. ionized
b. nonpolar
c. special
d. polar
Definition
polar
Term
Which organelle participates in lipid synthesis?
Choose one answer.
a. rough ER
b. nucleolus
c. smooth ER
d. peroxisome
e. lysosome
Definition
smooth ER
Term
The "motor protein" called ___ moves vesicles along microtubule "tracks".
Choose one answer.
a. dynein
b. cysteine
c. the basal body
d. kinesin
Definition
kinesin
Term
Which organelle contains a large amount of H2O2?
Choose one answer.
a. smooth ER
b. peroxisome
c. Golgi
d. rough ER
e. nucleolus
Definition
peroxisome
Term
For a given body mass, the lifespan of bats is ___ the lifespan of non-flying mammals.
Choose one answer.
a. longer than
b. the same as
c. shorter than
Definition
longer than
Term
A 100 pound adult human requires ___ the amount of food per day as a 200 pound adult human requires.
Choose one answer.
a. half
b. less than half
c. more than half
Definition
more than half
Term
Which type of cytoskeletal protein is involved in the movement of a eukaryotic flagellum?
Choose one answer.
a. actin
b. keratin
c. reticulum
d. tubulin
Definition
tubulin
Term
Which organelle produces most of the ATP in a cell?
Choose one answer.
a. Golgi
b. mitochondria
c. ribosome
d. smooth ER
e. rough ER
Definition
mitochondria
Term
When comparing mammal species, kidney mass is related to body mass by an allometric function, where the exponent b = 1.0. Therefore, as mammal body mass doubles, mammal kidney mass ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. increases by half
b. less than doubles
c. decreases by half
d. more than doubles
e. doubles
Definition
doubles
Term
When comparing mammal species, lifespan is related to body mass by an allometric function, where the exponent b = 0.2. Therefore, as mammal body mass doubles, mammal lifespan ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. more than doubles
b. less than doubles
c. doubles
d. increases by 20%
e. decreases by half
Definition
less than doubles
Term
Which type of cytoskeletal protein is involved in the contraction (shortening) of muscle cells?
Choose one answer.
a. actin
b. reticulum
c. keratin
d. tubulin
Definition
actin
Term
Which organelle sorts, modifies and packages proteins?
Choose one answer.
a. Golgi
b. lysosome
c. rough ER
d. peroxisome
e. smooth ER
Definition
glogi
Term
The protein that makes up one unit of a microfilament is called ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. tubulin
b. cysteine
c. keratin
d. collagen
e. actin
Definition
actin
Term
A 100 pound adult human requires ___ the amount of food per day as a 200 pound adult human requires.
Choose one answer.
a. more than half
b. half
c. less than half
Definition
more than half
Term
Which type of cytoskeletal protein is involved in the movement of a eukaryotic flagellum?
Choose one answer.
a. actin
b. reticulum
c. keratin
d. tubulin
Definition
tubulin
Term
When comparing mammal species, lifespan is related to body mass by an allometric function, where the exponent b = 0.2. Therefore, as mammal body mass doubles, mammal lifespan ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. decreases by half
b. less than doubles
c. doubles
d. more than doubles
e. increases by 20%
Definition
less than doubles
Term
In eukaryotes, where does translation happen?
Choose one answer.
a. smooth ER
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
d. Golgi
e. lysosome
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
For a given body mass, the lifespan of bats is ___ the lifespan of non-flying mammals.
Choose one answer.
a. shorter than
b. longer than
c. the same as
Definition
longer than
Term
When comparing mammal species, kidney mass is related to body mass by an allometric function, where the exponent b = 1.0. Therefore, as mammal body mass doubles, mammal kidney mass ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. less than doubles
b. doubles
c. more than doubles
d. decreases by half
e. increases by half
Definition
doubles
Term
The "motor protein" that moves a eukaryotic flagellum is called __ .
Choose one answer.
a. centriole
b. cysteine
c. keratin
d. dynein
e. kinesin
Definition
dynein
Term
Which organelle participates in lipid synthesis?
Choose one answer.
a. smooth ER
b. peroxisome
c. nucleolus
d. rough ER
e. lysosome
Definition
smooth ER
Term
Which of the following always contains at least one nitrogen atom?
Choose one answer.
a. the side group of an amino acid
b. disaccharide
c. carbohydrate
d. triglyceride
e. nucleotide
Definition
nucleotide
Term
A diet high in ___ is associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
Choose one answer.
a. cis-saturated fats
b. cis-unsaturated fats
c. trans-unsaturated fats
d. trans-saturated fats
Definition
trans-unsaturated fats
Term
What is the missing product in the following chemical reaction:
glycerol + 3 fatty acids --> triglyceride + ___
Choose one answer.
a. three hydrogen atoms
b. three waters
c. one water
d. three carbon dioxides
e. one hydrogen atom
Definition
three waters
Term
When a vegetable oil is "partially hydrogenated" ...
Choose one answer.
a. all of the C=C double bonds are converted to C-C single bonds
b. some of the C=C double bonds are converted to C-C single bonds
c. some of the C-C single bonds are converted to "trans" configuration
d. all of the C-C single bonds are converted to "trans" configuration
Definition
b
Term
A diet high in ___ fatty acids is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
Choose one answer.
a. trans
b. omega-3
c. saturated
d. omega-6
Definition
omega-3
Term
When a vegetable oil is "partially hydrogenated" ...
Choose one answer.
a. some of the C-C single bonds are converted to "trans" configuration
b. all of the C=C double bonds are converted to C-C single bonds
c. all of the C-C single bonds are converted to "trans" configuration
d. some of the C=C double bonds are converted to C-C single bonds
Definition
d
Term
Animal fats are made of triglycerides that are unsaturated. T/F
Definition
false
Term
A trans fat always contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. T/F
Definition
false
Term
A diet high in ___ fatty acids is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
Choose one answer.
a. omega-6
b. omega-3
c. trans
d. saturated
Definition
omega-3
Term
A biochemical made of three fatty acids covalently linked to one glycerol is called a ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. triglyceride
b. triglucaride
c. tertiary structure
d. glycogen
Definition
triglyceride
Term
Most phospholipids in the plasma membrane have fatty acids that are about ___ carbon atoms long.
Choose one answer.
a. 16
b. 32
c. 64
d. 8
Definition
16
Term
Passive transport across a membrane requires the input of energy. T/F
Definition
false
Term
In the plasma membrane, the carbohydrate groups of glycolipids are on the ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. outside of the cell
b. inside of the cell
c. hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane
Definition
outside of the cell
Term
In simple diffusion, as the concentration gradient increases, diffusion rate ...
Choose one answer.
a. increases
b. does not change
c. decreases
Definition
increases
Term
Which type of cell junction is anchored in place by intermediate filaments?
Choose one answer.
a. loose junction
b. gap junction
c. desmosome
d. tight junction
Definition
desmosome
Term
The allometric relationship between mammal body mass and mammal cell size has an exponent (b) = 0. Therefore, as body mass doubles, cell size ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. does not change
b. decreases
c. more than doubles
d. doubles
e. less than doubles
Definition
does not change
Term
Endurance training increases the number of ___ in muscle cells.
Choose one answer.
a. mitochondria
b. nucleoli
c. lysosomes
d. chromosomes
e. ribosomes
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Microfilaments are made of the protein ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. microlin
b. filamentin
c. keratin
d. actin
e. tubulin
Definition
actin
Term
Tay-Sachs is an example of a ___ disease.
Choose one answer.
a. lysosomal storage
b. protein misfolding
c. smooth ER storage
d. rough ER storage
e. Golgi storage
Definition
lysosomal storage
Term
In liver cells, the first step in the metabolism of ethanol is to convert ethanol to ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. carbon dioxide + water
b. methanol
c. acetohol
d. acetic acid
e. acetaldehyde
Definition
acetaldehyde
Term
In thermodynamics, the parameter H means ...
Choose one answer.
a. enthalpy
b. free energy
c. free entropy
d. free enthalpy
e. entropy
Definition
enthalpy
Term
In thermodynamics, the parameter G means ...
Choose one answer.
a. enthalpy
b. free energy
c. free enthalpy
d. free entropy
e. heat energy
Definition
free energy
Term
An enzyme increases the Keq of a reaction. T/F
Definition
false
Term
Simple diffusion causes entropy to increase. T/F
Definition
true
Term
This reaction is exergonic T/F:
ADP + phosphate --> ATP + H2O
Definition
false
Term
An enzyme increases the delta G of a reaction. T/F
Definition
false
Term
An enzyme increases the rate of a chemical reaction by ...
Choose one answer.
a. decreasing the delta G
b. increasing the Keq
c. increasing the delta G
d. decreasing the activation energy
e. increasing the activation energy
Definition
decreasing the activation energy
Term
Consider two enzymes (A and B) that catalyze the same reaction. For both A and B, Vmax = 1000 substrate molecules converted to product molecules per second. For enzyme A, Km = 5 mM. For enzyme B, Km = 20 mM. When substrate concentration is 1 mM, which enzyme has the higher reaction rate?
Definition
A
Term
Which of these is an example of a cofactor?
Choose one answer.
a. NAD
b. iron
c. ATP
d. Km
e. Vmax
Definition
iron
Term
Consider the following chemical reaction:
ATP + H2O --> ADP + phosphate
This reaction ___ energy.
Choose one answer.
a. releases
b. creates
c. requires the input of
d. destroys
Definition
releases
Term
The concentration of K+ is higher inside the cell than outside the cell. T/F
Definition
true
Term
The inside of a cell has a negative electrical potential (voltage) relative to the outside of the cell. T/F
Definition
true
Term
Consider the facilitated diffusion of glucose from the blood into liver cells, which happens via a carrier protein called GLUT4. The parameter ___ is equal to the glucose concentration gradient where the rate of glucose transport equals one-half the maxiumum rate of glucose transport.
Choose one answer.
a. P
b. Km
c. Vmax / 2
d. Vmax
e. V
Definition
Km
Term
Consider an active transport glucose pump, with non-linear saturating kinetics. The units of the parameter Km are/is ...
Choose one answer.
a. glucose pumps per mm2 membrane area
b. molar
c. glucose transported per second
d. glucose pumps per cell
e. moles
Definition
molar
Term
A glycogen molecule has less entropy than 100 glucose molecules. T/F
Definition
true
Term
Which process has linear kinetics?
Choose one answer.
a. secondary active transport
b. facilitated diffusion
c. simple diffusion
d. primary active transport
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
The conversion of ATP to ADP occurs via a ___ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. condensation
b. hydrolysis
c. transcription
d. polymerization
e. dehydration
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
A facilitated diffusion channel protein has linear kinetics. T/F
Definition
false
Term
Which of these is an example of secondary active transport?
Choose one answer.
a. hydrogen ion pump on the lysosome membrane
b. sodium-potassium pump on cell membranes
c. gated sodium channel on nerve cell membranes
d. glucose-sodium coupled transport pump on intestinal cell membranes
Definition
d
Term
The movement of protons into the mitochondrial matrix, through ATP synthase, is a ___ process.
Choose one answer.
a. endergonic
b. exergonic
Definition
exergonic
Term
What is the missing molecule in this summary of the oxidation of pyruvate?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD --> acetyl CoA + NADH + ___
Choose one answer.
a. water
b. ATP
c. FAD
d. carbon dioxide
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
What molecule is the "terminal electron acceptor" in the electron transport chain?
Definition
O2
Term
When your body uses amino acids as energy sources for ATP production, oxygen is required. T/F
Definition
true
Term
glucose --> 2 pyruvate
This is a ___ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. endergonic reduction
b. endergonic oxidation
c. exergonic reduction
d. exergonic oxidation
Definition
exergonic oxidation
Term
Carbon dioxide is produced by which process(es)?
Choose one answer.
a. oxidation of pyruvate and electron transport chain
b. citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
c. oxidation of pyruvate
d. oxidation of pyruvate and citric acid cycle
e. electron transport chain
Definition
d
Term
An acetyl group contains ___ carbon atom(s).
Choose one answer.
a. 3
b. 1
c. 2
d. 6
e. 4
Definition
2
Term
A pyruvate molecule contains __ carbon atom(s).
Choose one answer.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Definition
3
Term
pyruvate --> carbon dioxide + an acetyl group
This is a ___ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. endergonic oxidation
b. endergonic reduction
c. exergonic reduction
d. exergonic oxidation
Definition
exergonic oxidation
Term
GDP + phosphate --> GTP + water
This is an exergonic reaction. T/F
Definition
false
Term
If a reaction is endergonic, then, at equilibrium, the concentration of products is greater than the concentration of reactants. T/F
Definition
false
Term
NADH --> NAD
This reaction is ___ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. a reduction
b. an oxidation
c. neither a reduction nor an oxidation
Definition
an oxidation
Term
NAD --> NADH
This reaction is exergonic. T/F
Definition
false
Term
oxygen --> water
This reaction is ___ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. an oxidation
b. neither an oxidation nor a reduction
c. a reduction
Definition
a reduction
Term
The electron transport chain happens in (or on) the ___ of a eukaryotic cell.
Choose one answer.
a. the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
b. the cytoplasm
c. inner mitochondrial membrane
d. the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
c
Term
The citric acid cycle happens in (or on) the ___ of a eukaryotic cell.
Choose one answer.
a. the mitochondrial matrix
b. the cytoplasm
c. the outer mitochondrial membrane
d. the inner mitochondrial membrane
Definition
the mitochondria matrix
Term
6 CO2 --> glucose
This reaction is __ reaction.
Choose one answer.
a. neither a reduction nor an oxidation
b. a reduction
c. an oxidation
Definition
a reduction
Term
If a reaction is exergonic, then, at equilibrium, the concentration of products is greater than the concentration of reactants. T/F
Definition
true
Term
The oxidation of pyruvate happens in (or on) the ___ of a eukaryotic cell.
Choose one answer.
a. the cytoplasm
b. the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. the nucleus
d. the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
If a molecule is "oxidized", it ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. loses electrons
b. gains oxygen
c. gains electrons
Definition
loses electrons
Term
This reaction is a reduction:
pyruvate --> lactate T/F
Definition
true
Term
The conversion of a fatty acid to several acetyl groups attached to coenzyme A molecules is an example of ____ .
Choose one answer.
a. catabolism
b. anabolism
Definition
catabolism
Term
The mitochondrial matrix has a ___ electrical charge, relative to the intermembrane space.
Choose one answer.
a. negative
b. positive
Definition
negative
Term
The electron transport chain pumps protons ___ the mitochondrial matrix.
Choose one answer.
a. out of
b. into
Definition
out of
Term
The ATP molecules are made made in glycolysis are not made by "oxidative phosphorylation". Instead, they are made by "____-level phosphorylation".
Definition
substrate
Term
The molecular machine that makes ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane is called "ATP ____ ".
Definition
synthase
Term
In yeast, the anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate to ethanol happens ____ .
Choose one answer.
a. on the inner mitochondrial membrane
b. in the cytoplasm
c. in the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
in the cytoplasm
Term
In prokaryotes, the citric acid cycle happens ____ .
Choose one answer.
a. on the plasma membrane
b. on the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. in the cytoplasm
d. in the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
in the cytoplasm
Term
The pH of the mitochondrial matrix is lower than the pH of the cytoplasm. T/F
Definition
false
Term
This reaction is an oxidation:
NADH --> NAD
T/F
Definition
true
Term
Protons move out of the mitochondrial matrix via ATP syntase by a process called ...
Choose one answer.
a. facilitated diffusion
b. simple diffusion
c. active transport
d. cotransport
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
Which type of DNA is located the closest to the site of most of the production of ROS?
Choose one answer.
a. nuclear DNA
b. mitochondrial DNA
c. rough endoplasmic reticulum DNA
Definition
mitochondrial DNA
Term
"Citrate" has the suffix "ate" at the end because citrate ___ .
Choose one answer.
a. is a base
b. is a sugar
c. is an acid
d. is edible
e. is an enzyme
Definition
is an acid
Term
ATP synthase is an active transport pump. T/F
Definition
false
Term
The technical name for "programmed cell death" is ...
Definition
apoptosis
Term
The high energy form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is NADH. T/F
Definition
true
Term
H2O2 is an example of a reactive oxygen species (ROS), or "free radical". But what is the specific name of H2O2 ?
Definition
hydrogen peroxide
Term
O2.- is an example of a reactive oxygen species (ROS), or "free radical". But what is the specific name of O2.- ?
Definition
superoxide
Term
glucose --> pyruvate
This reaction is ...

Choose one answer.
a. an exergonic reduction
b. an endergonic reduction
c. an exergonic oxidation
d. an endergonic oxidation
Definition
an exergonic oxidation
Term
Dietary antioxidants (e.g. vitamin C) are enzymes that convert reactive oxygen species to less toxic molecules (e.g. water).
Definition
false
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