Term
|
Definition
| how often a specific allele shows up in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Describe mutations and their effect on evolution |
|
Definition
| alteration in base pair sequence of individuals DNA - occurs in gene then possible changes allele |
|
|
Term
| Describe genetic drift and their effect on evolution |
|
Definition
| random changes in DNA from meisosis - impact of genetic drift much greater in smaler populations than large ones |
|
|
Term
| Do all changes in allele frequency affect reproductive success? |
|
Definition
| No - not all. Example - cleft chins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Someone leaves a population and becomes founder of new population - causing their mutation to be more prevalent (genetic drift) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a population goes through a generation where population size is greatly reduced - causes population to be more polarized (genetic drift) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for migraiton - movement of some individuals from one population to another |
|
|
Term
| Which populations are affected by migration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for Natural Selection? |
|
Definition
| (1) Variation for trait (2) Heritability (3) Differential reproductive success - traint needs to make reproduction more successful |
|
|
Term
| What has a huge effect on natural selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the raw material evolution feeds on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transmission of traits from parent to offspring through genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is differential reproductive success? |
|
Definition
| individuals that are born have a great chance to survive/reproduce (more fit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of relative amount of reproductivion an individual with a particular phenotype as compared to individuals with alternative phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| Allels carried by an individual with high fitness will... |
|
Definition
| increase their share in a population over time and population will evolve |
|
|
Term
| What is a huge factor in fitness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors that prevent a 'perfect' population? |
|
Definition
| (1) environment changes rapidly (organisms always reactive, not proactive. generation behind environment) (2) Variation needed to evolve (3) multiple alleles for one trait (several individuals can be fit, finding a different way to get things. Example - develop better beak [eat new resource] or stronger wings [fly to new food source]) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Directional selection, Stabilizing Selection and Distruptive Selection |
|
|
Term
| Describe Directional Selection |
|
Definition
| individuals from one extreme in population have higher fitness - example: chickens w/larger breast are chosen to succeed by farmers |
|
|
Term
| Describe Stabilizing Selection |
|
Definition
| individuals with intermediate phenotypes are most fit - extremes are bad. Example: babies - too big/too small = bad |
|
|
Term
| Describe Disruptive Selection |
|
Definition
| individuals on either extreme are most fit - exmaple: medium sized fish lose in competition to big fish, but small ones sneak by and fertilize |
|
|
Term
| What can involve a trait that has been selected for one function and be modified at a later time to serve a different function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 evidences for evolution? |
|
Definition
| (1) fossil records (2) biogeography (3) comparative anatomy & embryology (4) molecular biology (5) lab and field experiments |
|
|
Term
| What are the limits of fossil records? |
|
Definition
| biased in favor of organisms that could be captured in a fossil (soft materials disappear, bones, teeth, etc stay) - environmental bias too of places that fossils can succeed |
|
|
Term
| How can we tell the age of the Earth? |
|
Definition
| Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look at patterns in the geographic distrobution of organisms --> it matters when a population arrives. Example: marsupials in Australia |
|
|
Term
| Describe comparative anatomy |
|
Definition
| looking at homologous structures to see common evolutionary origins --> all based on growth and development of organisms |
|
|
Term
| Describe molecular biology |
|
Definition
| common genetic sequences that link all forms of life |
|
|
Term
| The longer two species have been apart... |
|
Definition
| the more genetic variation they will show. (Molecular BIO) |
|
|
Term
| Are these prezygotic or postzygotic barriers? Physically unable to mate, male reproductive cell cannot fertilize female cell, gametic isolation (sperm & egg not attracted) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are these prezygotic or postzygotic barriers? Hybrid individuals usually are infertile or reduced fertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it tough naming asexual species? |
|
Definition
| doesn't involve fertilization or 2 organisms, no interbreeding, reproductive isolation meaningless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one species splits into two distinct species |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of speciation? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive Isolation & Genetic Divergence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does polyploidy and allopolyploidy do? |
|
Definition
| Results in genetic mutations - causes new species to be made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name & arrange species in a manner based on common shared ancestors. Points that show when they diverged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary history of organisms that uses common ancestor to point at which species diverged |
|
|
Term
| What causes analagous traits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gradual Change in Evolution |
|
Definition
| incremental steps (creeps slowly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid periods of evolutionary change are punctuated by long periods of no change (jerks rapidly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small number of species diversify into several larger species |
|
|
Term
| What causes adapative radiation? |
|
Definition
| (1) competition is eliminated (2) new location = new resources (maybe fewer competitors) (3) evolution of innovative feature = more fitness |
|
|
Term
| What is background extinction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the study of ecology? |
|
Definition
| population, size, life history, reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of environmental limits on growth? |
|
Definition
| density dependent and density independent |
|
|
Term
| Describe density dependent factors |
|
Definition
| food supply, habitat for living/breeding, parasite & disease, predation risk |
|
|
Term
| What is something that is a density independent factor? |
|
Definition
| extreme weather conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population growth that is gradually reduced as population nears environmental carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a population cycle |
|
Definition
| hares & lynx - over production of hares results in more lynx but the hares die out and so do lynx, repeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms investment pattern in growth, reproduction and survival |
|
|
Term
| What are the vital stats of a life history? |
|
Definition
| age at first reproduction, possibility of survival & reproduction at each age, litter size & frequency, longevity |
|
|
Term
| Type I on survivorship curve |
|
Definition
| high survivorship until old, then rapid decrease (tortise) |
|
|
Term
| Type II on survivorship curve |
|
Definition
| decrease survivorship at steady & regular pace (bird) |
|
|
Term
| Type III on survivorship curve |
|
Definition
| high mortality rate at young age but long lif if you make it past it (mackerel) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 areas of tradeoff with Resource allocation? |
|
Definition
| Reproduction & Survival, Reproduction & growth, Number & Size of offspring |
|
|
Term
| When does natural selection have least affect on you? |
|
Definition
| After you've reached sexual maturity - the older you get, it has less affect on you |
|
|
Term
| High hazard factor (determine longevity) |
|
Definition
| reproduce early, early aging and short life |
|
|
Term
| Low hazard factor (determine longevity) |
|
Definition
| reproduce late, slow aging and longe life space |
|
|
Term
| With demographic transitions, what happens with birth rate & death rate as the population industrializes? |
|
Definition
| death rate drops followed by birth rate dropping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an age pyramid show? |
|
Definition
| individuals in a population at various ages (age distribution) |
|
|
Term
| What influences population growth? |
|
Definition
| Health, wealth and education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space, type & ammount of food, timing of reproduction, temp & moisture requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one species utilizes resources better, other gets pushed out (local extinction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two species alter niche, divide resources |
|
|
Term
| Which is stronger, intra or inter specific competition? |
|
Definition
| intra - competing for same resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when competing for same resources, species evolves a new trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| who has greater pressure? predator or prey? - prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one species benefits, the other isn't effected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in a species composition of a community over time - result of a disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins in an area without life |
|
|
Term
| What causes community instability? |
|
Definition
| loss of keystone species, invasive (exotic) species, climate change |
|
|
Term
| Where is there more biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Evolutionary history of an area effect structure of community? |
|
Definition
| community diversity over time = more time w/ species, w/o climactic event (ice age) = more diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a biotic feature of an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| community (organisms living in there) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for an abiotic feature of an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| habitat (physical & chemical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) air heated & rises (2) futher from earth, it cools (3) cold air holds less moisture, clouds & rain form |
|
|
Term
| More deserts 30 degrees from equator because? |
|
Definition
| cold air is falling towards Earth and gets warmer, picking up moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of food chain/pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind from ocean hits mountain, rising air cools & forms cloud/rain, over top of mtn gets warmer & increases moisture it can hold (desert on other side) |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic flow of energy in trophic levels? |
|
Definition
| primary producers (plant) <-- primary consumer (herbivore) <-- secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herb) <-- tertiary consumer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heritable change in a population or species |
|
|
