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binomial nomenclature
which shows relationship between organisms |
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| developed concept of Genus and Species |
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organisms are capable of change
the use of disuse of parts
unconscious striving result in change
organisms wanted to change |
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refuted Lamarck for use and disuse of body parts
was the first to mention the idea of extinction |
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When a major event leads to the loss of a population
came from Cuvier |
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Change over time was slow and progressive
thought that the earth was very old |
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| The same processes that shaped the ancient world are still at work today |
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Charles Darwin's grandfather
believe in a single common ancestor |
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Galapagos Islands
thought there was a connection between ancient giants and living creatures today
studied embryos, birds, etc. |
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| Evolution by Natural Selection |
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Definition
| The process by which heritable traits that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce are deferentially favored for transmission to the next generation over less favorable traits, leading to a shift in the composition of those traits within a population over time |
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| Misconceptions about Evolution by Natural Selection |
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Definition
Changes population level, not species
Natural selection does not lead to perfection
There may be trade-offs
Bad traits can still persist
It is not a random process |
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The key to how new species are born
Need variation to change the allele frequency |
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Arises from evolution of a lineage
Came from the same common ancestor |
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Arise from convergent evolution
Did not come from common ancestor |
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| Arises through natural selection acting upon different lineages in similar environments (parallel adaptations) |
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Discovered a pattern to trait inheritance
mode of inheritance can predict pattern of offspring |
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An individual that has two different forms of a trait, the physical expression of one excludes the other
(A) |
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| A trait that is not physically expressed in the presence of a dominant trait. |
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| Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection |
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Definition
Artificial Selection - imposed by humans
Natural Selection - imposed on by nature
both have survival and reproduction pressures that perpetuated change. |
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| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
It shows a connection between physical traits and heritable material
Gene->transcribe to->RNA->translate to->protein |
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| Region of chromosome that contains genes |
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| Forms of the same gene, the genotype. |
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| Different type of allele (Aa) |
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| The physical expression of genetic type (trait) |
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| Tendency of molecular traits to vary |
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The same genetic makeup at a certain locus
One form of the trait |
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Many forms of a genetic makeup
Different combinations of an allele |
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An abrupt change in genetic code
brings about variation |
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Definition
| The change in the allele frequency of a population over time |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
Predicts stability of genotype and allele frequencies across generations
A state of balance or no change
Provides a mathematical framework to principles underlying evolutionary change in a population |
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| Conditions for a Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
There must be:
No natural selection
No new mutations
No migration
No genetic drift
Random mating |
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Definition
| Distribution of traits shifts one direction. From a range a traits to favoring one side of the population. |
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| Distribution of traits to favor more radical versions of a population |
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| Reducing two extremes to perpetuate the middle frequency. |
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| Natural selection maintains genetic diversity within a population. |
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| Where there is a preference towards a certain trait when choosing a mate. |
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| Where a transfer of DNA is taken on by a different organism |
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A shift in frequency of alleles over time
New organisms traveling back and forth
This maintains gene variation |
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Definition
| Stochastic events lead to a change in the allele composition of the population over time |
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| Genetic Bottle-necking / Founder Effect |
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Definition
When a culling suddenly takes place, causing a change in frequency of alleles for those that survive.
When individuals of a population are moved by random events |
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| When alleles will no longer die out. |
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Believers that believe Earth is flat
Bible literalness
science held as error |
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Definition
Earth is a sphere but Sun is not the center of the solar system
Reject all modern physics, astronomy, biology
Earth and its creatures central to God |
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| Young - Earth Creationism |
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Definition
Reject the age of Earth
Believe not in evolution, but that all types of animals were created at once
Earth is only about 6,000-10,000 years old |
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Definition
Believe that Earth is old
Critical element is God's personal involvement in Creation |
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| Intelligent Design Creationism |
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Definition
God is an omnipotent designer, creator
Things specifically designed |
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Definition
God creates through the laws of nature
God interferes during critical parts of history
Creates laws of nature |
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| People who do not believe in a higher power but believe in evolution. |
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