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BIO 110: Chapters 9,14 & 15
The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/23/2009

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Term
Cell division
Definition
The process through which a cell copies itself.
Term
Cancer
Definition
Begins when a cell divides and it should not.
Term
tumor
Definition
unregulated cell division leads to this mass of cells with no apparent function in the body
Term
Benign tumors
Definition
tumors that don't affect surrounding structures
Term
malignant tumors
Definition
tumors that invade surrounding structures and are cancerous
Term
metastasis
Definition
when malignant tumors break away and start new cancers elsewhere in the body
Term

heal wounds

 

replace damaged cells

 

for growth

 

reproduction

Definition
reasons for cell division
Term
somatic cells
Definition
divide by mitosis
Term
sex cells
Definition
divide by meiosis
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
makes exact copies from one parent
Term
single celled organisms, some multicellular organisms and plants
Definition
carry out asexual reproduction
Term
46
Definition
number of chromosomes that humans have
Term
sister chromatid
Definition
the copy of a chromosome
Term
centromere
Definition
The sister chromatid is connected to the original DNA by a ___________.
Term

Interphase

 

Mitosis

 

Cytokenesis

Definition
Three steps of the cell cycle.
Term
Interphase
Definition
Phase of cell cycle where DNA is copied.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Phase of the cell cycle where DNA split equally into two daughter cells.
Term
Cytokenesis
Definition
Phase of the cell cycle where parent cell is cleaved in half.
Term
Interphase
Definition
Longest phase of the cell cycle.
Term

G1

S

G2

Definition
Three stages of interphase.
Term
Cell growth and organelles are duplicated.
Definition
Processes that occur during G1 phase of interphase.
Term

New DNA is synthesized and old DNA is copied.

Chromosomes are replicated and sister chromosomes are connected.

Definition
Processes that occur during the S phase of interphase.
Term

Cell growth and preparation for division.

Synthesis of proteins necessary for mitosis.

Definition
Processes that occur during the G2 phase of interphase.
Term
Separate chromatids so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
Definition
Purpose of Mitosis
Term

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Definition
Four steps of Mitosis
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell between 2 poles. Microtubules grow long enough to attach to the chromosomes at the centromere.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Microtubules contract and separate the sister chromatids pulling toward poles of the cell.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Nuclear envelopes reform and the chromosomes decondense.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
In animal cell, band of filaments contracts around the equator of the cell, causing 2 cells to form from parent cell.
Term
Tumors
Definition
Cells that go through the cell cycle in unfavorable conditions can lead to _______.
Term
Checkpoints
Definition
Control the cycle and determine if cell is ready to enter next part of the cycle.
Term
G1 Checkpoint
Definition

Asks...

 

1. is division necessary

2. are all growth factors necessary

3. is the cell large enough 

4. are sufficient nutrients available

Term
G2 checkpoint
Definition

Ask...

 

1. was DNA replicated correctly

2. is the cell large enough

Term
Metaphase checkoint
Definition
Asks if all chromosomes are attached to microtubules.
Term
mutations in DNA
Definition
can produce nonfunctioning proteins
Term
mutations
Definition
can be inherited or induced by exposure to carcinogens that damage DNA and chromosomes
Term
proto-oncogenes
Definition
Normal genes on many chromosomes that regulate cell division, when mutated become oncogenes.
Term
proto-oncogenes
Definition
Carry instructions for building growth factors and stimulate cell division when needed.
Term
oncogenes
Definition
Overstimulate cell division.
Term
Mutated protein
Definition
Overrides checkpoint control.
Term
Tumor suppressors
Definition
Genes that carry instructions for producing proteins to stop cell division if necessary.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Form of cell division that occurs within gonads (sex organs).
Term
gonads
Definition
sex organs
Term
gametes
Definition
sex cells
Term
gametes
Definition
have half the chromosomes that somatic cells do
Term
meiosis
Definition
reduces the number of chromosomes by one half
Term
Fertilization
Definition
______________ of the male and female gamete will result in 46 chromosomes.
Term
haploid
Definition
1 copy of chromosomes (sex cells)
Term
diploid
Definition
cells that have 2 copies of each set of chromosomes (somatic cells)
Term
karyotype
Definition
photograph of chromosomes in pairs
Term
22
Definition
number of autosome pairs in a human
Term
homologous pairs
Definition
pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes
Term
alleles
Definition
where genes are located on the chromosomes
Term
Meiosis I
Definition
Phase of meiosis in which homologous pairs are separated.
Term
Meiosis II
Definition
PHase of meiosis in which sister chromatids are separated.
Term
4 haploid daughters cells
Definition
Number of haploid daughter cells left after meiosis is complete.
Term
diploid
Definition
Zygotes are ______ (diploid/haploid) cells.
Term
haploid
Definition

Gametes (sex cells - sperm/egg) are

_______ (haploid/diploid) cells.

Term

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Definition
Phases of Meiosis I
Term
Prophase I
Definition
Phase of Meiosis I where homologous pairs come together.
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
Phase of Meiosis I where the homologous pairs line up at the equator.
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
The phase of Meiosis I where the homologous pairs separate.
Term
Telophase I
Definition
Phase of meiosis I where nuclear envelopes reform.
Term
Prophase II
Definition
Phase of Meiosis II where nuclear envelopes disappear.
Term
Metaphase II
Definition
Phase of Meiosis II where chromosomes line up at equator.
Term
Anaphase II
Definition
Phase of Meiosis II where sister chromatids separate.
Term
Telophase II
Definition
Phase of Meiosis II where nuclear envelopes reform.
Term

Crossing over

Random alignment of homologous pairs

Definition
Produce millions of possible combinations of genes.
Term
random alignment
Definition
When the homologous pairs line up during metaphase I of meiosis, their placement is called ___________.
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
Failure of homologous pairs to separate during Anaphase I
Term
Chromatin
Definition
DNA-protein complex making up chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Genes are physically located within the ________.
Term
condensed
Definition
DNA must be _________ before it is duplicated.
Term
nucleosome
Definition
a reapeating unit of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins
Term
histone proteins
Definition
Proteins that DNA wraps around
Term
negative
Definition
DNA has a _______ (positive/negative) charge.
Term
positive
Definition
Histone has a ______(negative/positive) charge.
Term
Heterochromatin
Definition
highly compacted and transcriptionally inactive chromatin.
Term
Euchromatin
Definition
Less condensed chromatin and capable of gene transcription
Term
Euchromatin turns into Heterochromatin
Definition
Happens after transcription so cell can divide.
Term
Amino Group
Definition
Tails of the histone group consist of an __________.
Term

Acetylation

Methylation

Phosphorylation

Definition
Types of covalent modifications that the amino terminal tails of histones are subject to.
Term

Size

Banding Pattern

Location of centromere

Definition
Chromosomes are identified by...
Term

Deficiencies

Duplications

Inversions

Translocations

Definition
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
Term
Deficiencies
Definition
Chromosomal mutations where segment is missing.
Term
Duplications
Definition
Chromosomal mutations where section occurs 2 or more times in a row.
Term
Inversions
Definition
Chromosomal mutation where there is a  change in the direction along a single chromosome.
Term
Translocations
Definition
Chromosomal mutations where one segment becomes attached to another chromosome. Can be simple or reciprocal.
Term
Simple translocation
Definition
Where one chromosome has a segment that jumps over to the other segment.
Term
Reciprocal Translocation
Definition
Where both chromosomes have segments that jump to the other chromosome.
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