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| Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism. |
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| 2 factors that govern the fate of a chemical reactions |
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| Ability to promote change |
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| energy associated with movement |
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| energy due to structure or location |
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| potential energy in molecular bonds |
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Law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed
Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system |
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| Two laws of thermodynamics |
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| a measure of disorder that cannot be harnessed |
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| free energy or amount of energy for work |
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| absolute temperature in Kelvin |
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| occur without input of additional energy and usually help drive other reactions |
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reactions that have a negative free energy change
ΔG<0 |
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| spontaneous reactions: exergonic or endergonic? |
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change in free energy is positive
ΔG >0 |
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| not spontaneous reactions: exergonic or endergonic? |
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| chemical reactions that require the addition of free energy |
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| An endergonic reaction can be coupled to an exergonic reaction. |
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| Endergonic reaction will be spontaneous if net free energy change for both processes is negative. |
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| agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction |
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| protein catalysts in living cells |
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| will exit the reaction exactly the same as when they entered |
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| Half way through a reaction. Half reactants and half products. Bonds are stretched. |
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| initial input of energy to start reaction |
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| Enzymes ________(lower/raise) activation energy. |
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| location where reactions take place |
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| reactants that bind to active site |
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Definition
| formed when enzyme and substrate bind |
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Definition
| when an enzyme undergoes conformational change that strains the substrates and brings them close together |
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| environmental factors that affect enzymes |
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| metabolic pathways that result in breakdown and are exergonic |
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| metabolic pathways that promote synthesis and are endergonic |
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| It takes ________ (more/less) energy to build substances than it does to breakdown substances. |
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| have a high affinity or high degree of specificity for a substrate |
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| small molecules permanently attached to an enzyme |
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| usually inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme |
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| organic molecule that participates in reactions but is left unchanged afterward |
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| recycling and breakdown of organic molecules |
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| produce energy intermediates such as ATP and NADPH |
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Definition
| used to obtain energy for endergonic reactions |
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Term
substrate level phosphorylation
chemiosmosis |
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Definition
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| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule |
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Definition
| energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi |
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Definition
| removal of electrons in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| addition of electrons in a chemical reaction |
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| electrons removed from one molecule is added to another |
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Definition
| NAD+ is oxidized to make____. |
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| NADH is reduced to make______. |
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| make large macromolecules or smaller molecules not available from food |
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| an energy intermediate (ATP or NADH) is needed to drive these reactions forward |
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Term
1) gene regulation
2) cellular regulation
3) biochemical regulation |
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Definition
| three ways metabolic pathways are regulated |
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Definition
| genes turn on and off the metabolic pathways to conserve energy when needed and to used energy when it is available |
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Definition
| cell-signaling pathways often lead to activation of protein kinases that covalently bond a phosphate group to target proteins. |
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| binding of a molecule to an enzyme directly affects its function |
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| slowest step in a metabolic pathway |
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| molecules that bind to active site and inhibit the ability of substrate to bind with enzyme. |
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| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| bind to enzyme outside active site and inhibit enzymes function |
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| product of a metabolic pathway inhibits enzyme that acts early in the pathway - preventing overaccumulation of product |
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| where a molecule can bind noncovalently and affect the function of the active site |
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| add a phosphate group to the receptors |
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| can be overcome by increase concentration of substrate and decrease concentration of inhibitor |
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| will have the greatest affect on the amount of product made |
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| process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules |
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| primary aim of cellular respiration |
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| Organic molecules + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy |
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Definition
| formula for cellular respiration |
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| glucose + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy intermediates + heat |
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Definition
| glucose metabolism reaction equation |
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1)Glycolysis
2)Breakdown of pryruvate to acetyl group
3) Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
4) Oxidative Phosphorilation (Ox-Phos) |
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Definition
| 4 stages of glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| 6C glucose is broken down in the cytosol into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP, via substrate level phosphorylation, and 2NADH |
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| breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl group |
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Definition
| two pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondrion where each are broken down into an acetyl group and one CO2. For each pyruvate broken down, one NADH is made. |
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Definition
| Number of ATP and NADH produced during gycolysis |
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| 1 NADH per pyruvate (total 2) |
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Definition
| number of NADH produced during breakdown of pyruvate |
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Definition
| each acetyl group is broken down to 2CO2 |
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| 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 |
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Definition
| number of energy intermediates made during the krebs cycle (total) |
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Definition
| all of the NADH and FADH2 made contain high-energy electrons that can be transferred in a red-ox reactions to other molecules, releasing enough energy to make 30-34 ATP. |
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Definition
| Number of ATP made for every NADH in electron transport chain |
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Definition
| Number of ATP made for every FADH2 in electron transport chain |
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| number of ATP made during Ox-Phos |
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| 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 |
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Definition
| released during the krebs cycle |
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| is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase |
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| oxidative phosphorilation |
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Definition
| when high energy electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2, then ADP is phosphorylated to make ATP. |
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Definition
| requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor |
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| can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of redox reactions |
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| Movement from NADH to O2 is a very _________(negative/positive) free energy change. |
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Definition
| ATP Synthase & Free energy change is highly ______________ (exergonic/endergonic). |
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Definition
| the chemical synthesis of ATP by pushing H+ ions across a membrane. |
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| Is a rotary machine that produces ATP as it spins |
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| enter the metabolic process at the pyruvate stage or later |
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Definition
| enter the metabolic pathway after glycolysis or later |
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Definition
| enter the metabolic process at the formation of Acetyl CoA. |
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| strategies for anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
| use substance other than O2 as final electron acceptor and carry out glycolysis, but convert pyruvate to lactic acid or ethanol. |
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Definition
| produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration |
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| synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure and growth |
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| produced by secondary metabolism |
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| are unique to one species or group of species. |
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| play a role in defense, attraction, protection and competition |
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Definition
| often taste bad, have strong odor, can attract or repel organisms, are toxic and have bright colors |
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phenolics
alkaloids
terpenoids
polyketides |
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Definition
| categories of secondary metabolites |
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Definition
| antioxidants with intense flavors and smells |
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| bitter tasting molecules for defense and poisonous and interfere with nerve transmission. |
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| intense smells and colors, caratenoids with bright red and yellows |
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| chemical weapons secreted by an organism |
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| has a cyclic ring of carbon w/3 double bonds known as a benzene ring |
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| flavenoids, tannins and lignins |
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Definition
| common categories of phenolics |
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| group of structurally related molecules that all contain nitrogen and usually have a cyclic, ringlike structure |
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| secondary metabolite commonly made in plant species |
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Definition
| caffeine, nicotine, atropine, morphine, ergot, and quinine |
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Definition
| many of these secondary metabolites are volatile and become gases. usually responsible for odors emitted by plants |
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| responsible for coloration of species |
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| secondary metabolite that can be responsible for cell signaling |
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