Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why did New Zealand ban the planting of peas? |
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Definition
| They received contaminated seeds which contained pea weevils |
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Term
| Pea Weevil native continent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Peas that have been inserted with an alpha-amylase inhibitors |
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Term
| Allopatric speciation by peripatry often leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Island chains frequently produce _______________ species |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do Island chains produce many species? |
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Definition
| Because they provide barriers that facilitate invasion and re-invasion by species |
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Term
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Definition
| When some populations of a species are reproductively isolated but others can interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where populations closet to each other can interbreed, but the population that closes the circle can no longer interbreed |
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Term
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Definition
| Speciation occurs in the same geographical location |
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Term
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Definition
| When populations that are genetically able to interbreed choose not to for various reason |
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Term
| When the isthmus of Panama closed what type of speciation occured? |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive Assortive Mating |
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Definition
When a population is rewarded by not interbreeding
(ex: organisms who interbreed have less fit progeny) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| species with nearly identical morphology |
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Term
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Definition
a group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring
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Term
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Definition
Origin of new taxanomic groups
(family, genus, species, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population |
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Term
| Bridge between macro and micro evolution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the earlier population is considered a seperate species from a later population |
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Term
| anagenesis occurs over a ________ period of time |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for for anagenesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
evolution within a species
accumulation of changes associated with the transformation of one species into another |
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Term
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Definition
a new species forms while the old species persists
supports biodiversity by increasing # of species |
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Term
| Speciation is the outcome of ____________________ followed by ____________ over time |
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Definition
| reproductive isolation, divergence |
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Term
| What evolutionary factors are responsible for genetic divergence among populations? |
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Definition
Mutations
Genetic Drift
Selection |
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Term
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Definition
geographic seperation of populations
allo-other
patric-home |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation of two large populations |
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Term
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Definition
Type of allopatric speciation
A small population seperates from a large, widely distributed ancestral population |
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Term
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Definition
| Neighboring populations who initially have some gene flow, but over time there is divergence |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of reproductive barriers withing a single, initially random mating population |
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Term
| Genetic divergence consists of |
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Definition
Genetic drift
Ecological selection
Sexual selection |
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Term
| Cytological divergence consists of |
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Definition
polyploidy
chromosomal rearrangement |
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Term
| Cytological divergence results in |
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Definition
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Term
| The galapagos tortoise is a giant tortoise species endemic to the galapagos islands. It has at least 12 subspecies. Why is this? |
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Definition
| One colonization from a small tortoise of South America that gave rise to the 12 giants of the galapagos |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which traits evolve to avoid competition between two overlapping populations |
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Term
| Prezygotic isolation mechanisms prevent |
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Definition
| mating or gametes from forming hybrid zygotes |
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Term
| Post zygotic isolating mechanisms act after zygote formation to prevent |
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Definition
| potential hybrids from forming and passing on their genes |
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Term
| When prezygotic isolation occures |
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Definition
potential mates do not meet
pms show ethological (behaivoral) differences
pms may couple but fertilization does not occur
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Term
| Types of prezygotic isolation mechanisms |
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Definition
Habitat isolation
temporal isolation (different breeding seasons)
behaivoral isolation
mechanical isolation (they don't fit)
no fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| zygote forms but soon dies |
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Term
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Definition
| F1 hybrid is birthed but has reduced viability |
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Term
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Definition
| F1 hybrid has reduced fertility |
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Term
| Postzygotic isolation mechanizms |
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Definition
zygote mortality
hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
low hybrid fitness |
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Term
| What kind of prezygotic barrier do you think exists between the dog day cicada (breeds every 17yr) and the periodical cicada (breeds 13yr)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Modes of Abrupt Speciation |
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Definition
Polyploidy
Hybridization
Chromosomal rearrangement
Recombinational speciation |
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Term
| Polyploidy is the result of ___ |
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Definition
| a failure of cell division to separate the chromosomes into two cells |
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Term
| Hybridization progeny form ____ |
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Definition
| a new true breeding lineage that is isolated from parental species |
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Term
| Chromosomal rearrangement speciation is the |
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Definition
| fixation of a chromosomal rearrangement that reproductively isolates these individuals |
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Term
| Another term for hybrid speciation |
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Definition
| recominational speciation |
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Term
| Goals of species descriptions |
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Definition
1. enable us to classify organisms systematically
2. make sure a species corresponds to discrete group of similar, closely related organims
3. help us understand how these clusters of organisms arise
4. represent products of evolutionary history and/or
5. apply to the largest possible variety of species |
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Term
| The essence of speciation |
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Definition
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Term
| Species concepts are criteria for determining |
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Definition
| when there is lineage formation |
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Term
| Some different species concepts |
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Definition
typological
morphological
biological
ecological
evolutionary
phylogenic |
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Term
| Typological concept species definition |
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Definition
a species is a group whose members share certain characteristics that distinguish them from other species
typological--they conform to a "type"
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Term
| About Typological species concept |
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Definition
Species are treated as static, non-variable assemblages
Plato essentialism--there is a constant eidos (transcendent ideal form) that is imperefectly imitated by its earthly representations.
Variation is an accidental imperfection |
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Term
| Why had officials decided to kill every fish in Teller Lake near Boulder Colorado? |
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Definition
| Someone had released pet goldfish that had reproduced and were taking over the ecosystem. They became an invasive species |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are either endemic (restricted to) or indigenous to a region |
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Term
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Definition
| a species living outside its native range. has arrived by human activity (intentional or accidental) |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are non-native to a region and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm |
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Term
| Are all introduced species invasive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| to restore and area of land to its natural uncultivated state |
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Term
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Definition
| when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behaivor of their prey, releasing the next lower trophic level from predation |
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Term
| Are all invasive species introduced? |
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Definition
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Term
| R-selected species characteristics |
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Definition
rapid reproduction
toleration to diverse habitat conditions
have no natural enemies in their new bioregion
highly competitive for resources |
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Term
| K-selected species characteristics |
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Definition
few offspring produces
late maturity
long life expectancy
individuals reproduce more than once in lifetime
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Term
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Definition
Kudzu
Chinese Privet
Feral Pigs
UGA hedges
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Term
| Ecological problems cause by invasive species |
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Definition
displace native species
reduce productivity of bioregion
alter processes in ecosystem
introduce diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| aphid-like insect that poses a threat to forest and ornamental hemlocks in North America |
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Term
Which of these is not considered an invasive species?
(Domestic dog, norwegian rat, house cat, european rabbit, all are invasive) |
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Definition
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Term
| How many birds are killed by domestic cats each year in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Goldfish's native country |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fundamental prblem with the typological species concept? |
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Definition
the type of specimen may not truly represent the whole species
morphological variation exists within a species
speciation is an ongoing process |
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Term
| Darwin's ideas of species |
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Definition
species delineations are artificial and is just a category for our convenience
species and other taxa are at one end of a gene flow continuum and varieties are at the other
there's no quantitative difference bettwen varieties and species
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Term
| Quantitatively species and varieties are different because |
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Definition
| species represent the cessation of gene flow |
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Term
| Morphological concept species definition |
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Definition
| a group of organisms with similar anatomical characteristics |
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Term
| Problems with morphological species concept |
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Definition
sometimes morphological criteria are arbitrary
rely on "expert" opinion for key traits
Does not address sexual dimorphism
Does not address morphism at different stages of life
focuses too much on outcome of evolution at expense of accomodating the mechanisms that underlie speciation |
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Term
| biological concept species definition |
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Definition
| naturally occuring gorups of individuals that actually or can potentiall interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
| Biological species concept emphasizes |
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Definition
| the process by which species arise |
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Term
| Problems with biological concept |
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Definition
can only be used on contemporary population
challenging to apply to hybrid species
can only be used with sexual outcrossing organisms
complicated by the fact that microbes commonly take up genetic materials from the environment |
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Term
| Fundamental challenge for all species concepts |
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Definition
| the idea that all the members of a given class are identical and the class is forever absolute yet individuals in a species display tremendous variation and some of those individuals could eventually evolve into a new species |
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Term
| Which animal is most closely related to the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis)? (camel, okapi, quagga, giraffe-necked antelop, kudu) |
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Definition
None of the above
Equally related |
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Term
| Phylogenetic concept species definition |
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Definition
| an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits |
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Term
| A species is the _____________________ of common ancestry |
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Definition
| smallest monophyletic group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Different levels of ecology |
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Definition
global
landscape
ecosystem
community
population
organismal |
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Term
| What affects species' distribution patters? |
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Definition
Latitude
Elevation
Annual Precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the earth characterized by similar plant communites and physical environments |
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Term
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Definition
Tundra
Grasslands
Forests
Savannas
Rainforests
Deserts |
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Term
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Definition
A bioclimatic scheme for the classifcation of land areas
Created by Leslie Holdridge
36 different classifications of climates |
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Term
| Mean annual biotemeperature is based on |
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Definition
| the growing season length and temperature |
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Term
| How to determine Holdridge life zones |
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Definition
Mean annual biotemperature
annual precipitation (on logarithmic scale)
ratio of annual potential evaoptranspiration to mean total annual precipitation |
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Term
| A species must be able to survive the ___________ of a bioregion, not just the mean temperatures |
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Definition
extreme temperatures
hottest summer day
coldest winter night |
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Term
| What is the difference between climate and weather? |
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Definition
| Climate is over a long period of time while weather focuses on the short term |
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Term
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Definition
Natural forests create & control ocean-to-land winds (which brings moisture)
winds blow from high air pressure to low air pressure
when water vapor condenses, air pressure falls
the number of liquid drops of water is smaller than the number of gas molecules that condensed into drops
condensation above natural forests creates a persistent low pressure zone
natural forests are critical for sustaining rainfall |
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Term
| What drives the earths climate? |
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Definition
Solar radiation
Earth's position relative to the sun
atmospheric gases |
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Term
| Milankovitch Cycles influence |
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Definition
| the episodic nature of the Earth's glacial and interglacial periods |
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Term
| ____________ Cycles describe Earth's circumnavigation of the sun |
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Definition
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